---
title: "A simple, powerful test to detect vaccine waning"
id: "pubmed-42383737"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42383737"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/"
doi: "10.1093/aje/kwag118"
published_at: "2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# A simple, powerful test to detect vaccine waning
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42383737
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/aje/kwag118](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwag118)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Determining whether **vaccine waning** occurs is important for both individual and public-health decision making, but quantifying waning is statistically challenging. - Classical approaches to measuring waning rely on assumptions that the authors describe as unreasonable, limiting interpretability of declining efficacy estimates. - Recent work introduced formal **causal estimands** to quantify waning; these estimands can be bounded under weaker assumptions but often produce bounds too wide to be decisive. - The authors propose a different strategy: a formal **hypothesis test** to assess whether a treatment (vaccine) effect is constant over time at the individual level, i.e., to test for waning. - This proposed test yields a substantial **power gain** compared with existing methods and is valid under assumptions the authors call interpretable for vaccine trials. - The paper presents three different approaches to computing the test statistic; two of the approaches use only summary data commonly available from clinical trials. - The authors illustrate the improved power using both simulated datasets and real data examples, demonstrating practical applicability. - Beyond the test, the authors provide new analytical results that produce bounds on the magnitude of the waning effect. - The methods are applied to a randomized controlled trial of the **BNT162b2** COVID-19 vaccine; whereas a prior analysis of those data did not establish waning, the new test rejects the null hypothesis of no waning. - Keywords and methodological themes include **causal inference**, challenge trials, hypothesis testing, and vaccine waning. Details on specific numerical results, assumptions and implementation steps are reported in the full article but are not included in the abstract.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed_free.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwag118 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#substances) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#related-links) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles MeSH terms Substances Related information LinkOut - more resources Am J Epidemiol Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) . 2026 Sep 3;195(9):2469-2475. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwag118. # A simple and powerful test of vaccine waning [Gellért Perényi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Per%C3%A9nyi+G&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne \(EPFL\), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland."), [Matias Janvin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Janvin+M&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway."), [Mats J Stensrud](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stensrud+MJ&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne \(EPFL\), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. * 2 Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway. * 3 Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway. * PMID: **42383737** * DOI: [ 10.1093/aje/kwag118 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag118) Free article Item in Clipboard # A simple and powerful test of vaccine waning Gellért Perényi et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Am J Epidemiol Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) . 2026 Sep 3;195(9):2469-2475. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwag118. ### Authors [Gellért Perényi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Per%C3%A9nyi+G&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne \(EPFL\), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland."), [Matias Janvin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Janvin+M&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway."), [Mats J Stensrud](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stensrud+MJ&cauthor_id=42383737)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne \(EPFL\), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.") ### Affiliations * 1 Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. * 2 Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway. * 3 Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway. * PMID: **42383737** * DOI: [ 10.1093/aje/kwag118 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag118) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Determining whether vaccine efficacy wanes is important for individual and public decision making. Yet, quantification of waning is a subtle task. The classical approaches cannot be interpreted as measures of declining efficacy unless we impose unreasonable assumptions. Recently, formal causal estimands designed to quantify vaccine waning have been proposed. These estimands can be bounded under weaker assumptions, but the bounds are often too wide to make claims about the presence of waning. We propose a different approach: a formal test to assess whether a treatment effect is constant over time at the individual level. This test provides a considerable power gain over existing approaches and is valid under interpretable assumptions in vaccine trials. We illustrate the increase in power through real and simulated examples, using 3 different approaches to compute the test statistics. Two of these approaches are based solely on summary data, accessible from existing clinical trials. Beyond our test, we also give new results that bound the waning effect. We use our methods to reanalyze data from a randomized controlled trial of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. While a prior analysis did not establish waning, our test rejects the null hypothesis of no waning. **Keywords:** causal inference; challenge trial; hypothesis test; vaccine waning. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321557/) Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman J, Yeung L, Mai C, Finkelstain J, Mehta S, Pons-Duran C, Menéndez C, Moraleda C, Rogers L, Daniels K, Green P.Crider K, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022.Update in: [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Feb 18;2:CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.pub2.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41705996/)PMID: 36321557Free PMC article.Updated. * [ The future of Cochrane Neonatal. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33036834/) Soll RF, Ovelman C, McGuire W.Soll RF, et al.Early Hum Dev. 2020 Nov;150:105191. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105191. Epub 2020 Sep 12.Early Hum Dev. 2020.PMID: 33036834 * [ Developing Statistical Methods to Improve Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trials [Internet]. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38913814/) Heagerty PJ.Heagerty PJ.Washington (DC): Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); 2021 Aug.Washington (DC): Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); 2021 Aug.PMID: 38913814Free Books & Documents.Review. * [ Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: quantifying the risks of false-positives and false-negatives. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701102/) Brookes ST, Whitley E, Peters TJ, Mulheran PA, Egger M, Davey Smith G.Brookes ST, et al.Health Technol Assess. 2001;5(33):1-56. doi: 10.3310/hta5330.Health Technol Assess. 2001.PMID: 11701102Review. * [ The effect of framing and communicating COVID-19 vaccine side-effect risks on vaccine intentions for adults in the UK and the USA: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488843/) Sudharsanan N, Favaretti C, Hachaturyan V, Bärnighausen T, Vandormael A.Sudharsanan N, et al.Trials. 2021 Sep 6;22(1):592. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05484-2.Trials. 2021.PMID: 34488843Free PMC article. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42383737) ## MeSH terms * BNT162 Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22BNT162+Vaccine%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=BNT162+Vaccine) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * COVID-19* / prevention & control Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Randomized+Controlled+Trials+as+Topic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Randomized+Controlled+Trials+as+Topic) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * Vaccine Efficacy* / statistics & numerical data Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine+Efficacy%2Fstatistics+and+numerical+data%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Vaccine+Efficacy) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) ## Substances * BNT162 Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22BNT162+Vaccine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22BNT162+Vaccine%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) ## Related information * [ MedGen ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=42383737 "Related information in MedGen") ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwag118) **Full text links** [x] [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed_free.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwag118 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F%23open-email-panel) * [Save](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42383737%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation Manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383737/) [x] NCBI Literature Resources [MeSH](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) [PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) [Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books) [Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Follow NCBI [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/ncbi) [ Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm) [ LinkedIn ](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm) [ GitHub ](https://github.com/ncbi) [ ](https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Connect with NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html) * [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH) * [ SM-Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine) * [ SM-Youtube ](https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH) National Library of Medicine [8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894](https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323) [Web Policies](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html) [FOIA](https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office) [HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html) [Help](https://support.nlm.nih.gov/?pagename=pubmed%3Apubmed%3Aabstract%3ANONE) [Accessibility](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html) [Careers](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html) * [NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/) * [NIH](https://www.nih.gov/) * [HHS](https://www.hhs.gov/) * [USA.gov](https://www.usa.gov/)
## Related Clinical Research

- [Orai1 CRAC Channel Therapeutics: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Progress](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42766407.md) (DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2026.2738180)
- [Long-Term Outcomes After Sepsis and Septic Shock: One-Year Prospective Cohort Findings](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42765202.md) (DOI: 10.1111/jan.70718)
- [Persistent critical illness in mechanically ventilated acute hypoxic respiratory failure: prevalen](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-9-persistent-critical-illness-in-acute-hypoxic-respiratory-failure-a.md)
- [Preadmission factors linked to acute complications, survival and long-term recovery after COVID-19](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/bmj-open-13-defining-the-preadmission-factors-that-modify-risk-of-acute-complications.md)
- [SEROCoV-KIDS cohort: impact of COVID-19 on children and adolescents in Geneva, Switzerland](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/bmj-open-21-cohort-profile-the-serocov-kids-population-based-cohort-study-and-biobank-on.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Critical Care Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.