---
title: "Early childhood mental health after COVID-19: trajectories and risk factors in a Chilean cohort"
id: "pubmed-41837774"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41837774"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/"
doi: "10.1093/chidev/aacaf035"
published_at: "2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Early childhood mental health after COVID-19: trajectories and risk factors in a Chilean cohort
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41837774
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/chidev/aacaf035](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchidev%2Faacaf035)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This longitudinal study followed a cohort of N = 468 Chilean children (48.9% girls; 19.2% children of migrant mothers) from age 3 to 6, covering pre-, during-, and post-**COVID-19** periods. - Researchers used group-based multitrajectory modeling to identify five distinct mental health profiles across internalizing and externalizing domains. - Three profiles (82.9% of the sample) showed lower symptom levels; two profiles (17.1%) represented **higher-risk** groups with persistent or escalating co-occurring **internalizing** and **externalizing** problems. - Children with high symptoms before the pandemic were likely to continue experiencing difficulties through age 6. - Prepandemic child **negative affect** and **maternal depressive symptoms** were identified as early risk factors associated with higher-risk trajectories. - Pandemic-specific stressors—particularly **hostile parenting** and household **income loss**—predicted membership in higher-risk trajectory groups. - Worsening maternal mental health during the pandemic further contributed to escalation of child symptoms. - The findings emphasize heterogeneity in early childhood responses to large-scale stressors and the importance of early identification of psychosocial risk factors to inform interventions. - Plain-language summary mirrored these points: most children had few symptoms, but about one in six experienced persistent or worsening difficulties; family supports and early detection are highlighted. - Study details reported: DOI 10.1093/chidev/aacaf035; PMID 41837774; published in Child Development (2026).
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. * 2 Center for Advanced Studies on Educational Justice(CJE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. * 3 Facultad de Educación, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. * 4 Global TIES for Children, New York University, New York, United States. * PMID: **41837774** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacaf035 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacaf035) Item in Clipboard # Early childhood mental health in the wake of COVID-19: Multitrajectories and risk factors from a longitudinal Chilean cohort Marigen Narea et al. Child Dev. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Child Dev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/) . 2026 Aug 29;97(5):1516-1532. doi: 10.1093/chidev/aacaf035. ### Authors [Marigen Narea](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Narea+M&cauthor_id=41837774)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Center for Advanced Studies on Educational Justice\(CJE\), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."), [María Francisca Morales](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Morales+MF&cauthor_id=41837774)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Facultad de Educación, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile."), [Elisa Ugarte](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ugarte+E&cauthor_id=41837774)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41837774/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Global TIES for Children, New York University, New York, United States.") ### Affiliations * 1 Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. * 2 Center for Advanced Studies on Educational Justice(CJE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. * 3 Facultad de Educación, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. * 4 Global TIES for Children, New York University, New York, United States. * PMID: **41837774** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacaf035 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacaf035) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract This longitudinal study examined mental health trajectories in a Chilean child cohort (N = 468, 48.9% girls; 19.2% children of migrant mothers) from ages three to six, spanning the pre-, during-, and post-COVID-19 periods. Group-based multitrajectory modeling identified five profiles: three lower-symptom (82.9%) and two higher-risk groups (17.1%), characterized by persistent or escalating co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems. Early high symptoms predicted continued -difficulties through age 6. Prepandemic negative affect and maternal depressive symptoms were early risk factors, while COVID-related stressors-hostile parenting and income loss-predicted higher-risk group membership. Maternal mental health deterioration further contributed to symptom escalation. Findings highlight the heterogeneity of early childhood mental health -postpandemic and the need for early identification of psychosocial risk factors. **Keywords:** COVID-19; early childhood; externalizing problems; internalizing problems; longitudinal trajectories; mental health. ## Plain language summary This study followed 468 Chilean children from ages three to six to explore how their mental health changed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers identified five groups of children with different emotional and behavioral patterns. Most individuals had few symptoms, but approximately one in six experienced persistent or worsening difficulties. Children with early emotional problems often continued to struggle, especially when their mothers had depressive symptoms before the pandemic. Stressors such as financial loss and harsher parenting during COVID-19 made these problems worse. The study highlights that young children respond differently to major stressors, underscoring the importance of early support for families to prevent long-term emotional and behavioral difficulties. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Conflicts of interest: None declared. ## Similar articles * [ Personality Theories. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475469/) Gallios JM, Iyer V, Kaylor LE.Gallios JM, et al.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.PMID: 42475469Free Books & Documents. * [ Clinical and cost-effectiveness of parenting intervention for mothers experiencing psychosocial stress: insights from the early closure of the Mellow Babies RCT. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39704733/) Thompson L, Tanner J, Breckons M, Young N, Ternent L, Vadiveloo T, Wilson P, Wight D, Marryat L, McGowan I, MacLennan G, MacBeth A, McTaggart J, Allison T, Norrie J.Thompson L, et al.Public Health Res (Southampt). 2024 Dec;12(17):1-115. doi: 10.3310/KCVL7125.Public Health Res (Southampt). 2024.PMID: 39704733Clinical Trial. * [ The role of prenatal stress and maternal trauma responses in predicting children's mental health during war. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40017382/) Yirmiya K, Klein A, Atzil S, Yakirevich-Amir N, Bina R, Reuveni I.Yirmiya K, et al.Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025 Dec;16(1):2468542. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2468542. Epub 2025 Feb 28.Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025.PMID: 40017382Free PMC article. * [ Perinatal maternal mental health and offspring internalizing and externalizing difficulties from early childhood through adolescence: Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394216/) Koutra K, Mouatsou C, Margetaki K, Roumeliotaki T, Mavroeides G, Psoma S, Kampouri M, Karachaliou M, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L.Koutra K, et al.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025 Oct;34(10):3261-3274. doi: 10.1007/s00787-025-02746-1. Epub 2025 May 21.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025.PMID: 40394216Free PMC article. * [ An examination of multiple illness and social related stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mental health; findings from a birth cohort in rural Pakistan. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40102757/) Maselko J, Collins A, Baranov V, Bhalotra S, Escobar Carias MS, Frost A, Haight SC, Bibi A, Sikander S.Maselko J, et al.BMC Public Health. 2025 Mar 18;25(1):1047. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22280-8.BMC Public Health. 2025.PMID: 40102757Free PMC article. 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