---
title: "Fully automated sample-to-answer system for rapid molecular detection of pathogens in whole blood"
id: "pubmed-42648850"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42648850"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/"
doi: "10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980"
published_at: "2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Fully automated sample-to-answer system for rapid molecular detection of pathogens in whole blood
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42648850
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2026.345980)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The investigators designed a closed, fully automated **sample-to-answer** platform that accepts whole blood directly from collection tubes and completes nucleic acid extraction and amplification without user intervention. - The platform integrates robotic tube handling (automated decapping and aliquoting), **magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction**, an **ultrafast PCR** module, and a compact CMOS-based fluorescence detector into a single workflow. - Performance was evaluated using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and human whole blood spiked with **Salmonella spp.**; DNA purity from the automated workflow matched manual extraction with a commercial kit. - The complete run—extraction through 40 PCR cycles—was completed within 30 minutes, according to the authors, indicating a rapid turnaround compatible with urgent care needs. - Limits of detection were reported as 1 × 10^2 CFU/mL in both PBS and whole blood, a sensitivity the study team compared with commercial benchtop qPCR instruments. - The system reduced open handling steps and hands-on labor, which the authors argue lowers contamination risk and supports point-of-care deployment; however, the source did not report clinical validation in patient samples or regulatory approval milestones. - The study documents analytic proof-of-concept and engineering integration, but the authors did not provide data on multiplex pathogen panels, clinical workflow integration, or real-world diagnostic outcomes.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Jul 16. # Development of a fully automated sample-to-answer system for rapid molecular detection of pathogens in whole blood [Chanyong Park](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Park+C&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea."), [Seoyeon Bae](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bae+S&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Min Seok Seo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Seo+MS&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Changha Woo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Woo+C&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Seongbo Shim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shim+S&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Joonho Seo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Seo+J&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Hosub Lim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lim+H&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Bionic Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea."), [Yoochan Hong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hong+Y&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Jongsu Yun](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yun+J&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Ohwon Kwon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kwon+O&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Dongkyu Lee](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lee+D&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dongkyu@kimm.re.kr.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea. * 2 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. * 3 Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. * 4 Department of Bionic Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea. * 5 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dongkyu@kimm.re.kr. * PMID: **42648850** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980) Item in Clipboard # Development of a fully automated sample-to-answer system for rapid molecular detection of pathogens in whole blood Chanyong Park et al. Anal Chim Acta. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Anal Chim Acta Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Anal+Chim+Acta%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Anal+Chim+Acta%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/) . 2026 Oct 22:1420:345980. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980. Epub 2026 Jul 16. ### Authors [Chanyong Park](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Park+C&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea."), [Seoyeon Bae](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bae+S&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Min Seok Seo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Seo+MS&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Changha Woo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Woo+C&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Seongbo Shim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shim+S&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Joonho Seo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Seo+J&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Hosub Lim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lim+H&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Bionic Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea."), [Yoochan Hong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hong+Y&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Jongsu Yun](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yun+J&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Ohwon Kwon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kwon+O&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea."), [Dongkyu Lee](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lee+D&cauthor_id=42648850)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42648850/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials \(KIMM\), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dongkyu@kimm.re.kr.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea. * 2 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. * 3 Department of Robot Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. * 4 Department of Bionic Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea. * 5 Department of Diagnostic Sensors, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dongkyu@kimm.re.kr. * PMID: **42648850** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2026.345980) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract **Background:** Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by infection and remains a major cause of mortality worldwide. Clinical outcomes depend on rapid pathogen identification and timely initiation of targeted antimicrobial therapy. Conventional blood culture requires 24-72 h, and although qPCR shortens turnaround time, conventional workflows still depend on labor-intensive sample preparation and open handling steps. An automated diagnostic workflow that can directly process whole blood from collection tubes is therefore needed. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of a rapid, fully automated sample-to-answer platform for sepsis pathogen detection from whole blood. **Results:** We developed a fully automated sample-to-answer platform that integrates robotic tube handling, including automated decapping and aliquoting, magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction, an ultrafast real-time PCR module, and a compact CMOS-based fluorescence detector. The system was evaluated using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and human whole blood spiked with Salmonella spp. DNA purified by the automated workflow showed purity comparable to that obtained by manual extraction with a commercial kit, confirming biochemical reliability. The complete process, from DNA extraction to 40 PCR cycles, was finished within 30 min. The limits of detection were 1 × 102 CFU/mL in PBS and whole blood, matching the performance of commercial benchtop qPCR instruments. **Significance:** This study demonstrates a closed, fully automated sample-to-answer system that performs direct whole-blood processing without manual intervention. Its novelty lies in integrating robotic handling, on-cartridge extraction, rapid amplification, and compact fluorescence detection into a single workflow. By reducing hands-on steps and contamination risk while maintaining sensitivity and speed, the platform offers a practical route toward point-of-care sepsis diagnostics and earlier targeted treatment. **Keywords:** Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor detection; Sample-to-Answer; Sepsis; Ultrafast PCR; Whole blood. Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier B.V. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ## Similar articles * [ Assessment of a semi-automated protocol for multiplex analysis of sepsis-causing bacteria with spiked whole blood samples. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23417871/) Laakso S, Mäki M.Laakso S, et al.Microbiologyopen. 2013 Apr;2(2):284-92. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.69. Epub 2013 Feb 18.Microbiologyopen. 2013.PMID: 23417871Free PMC article. * [ Sample-to-Answer Hepatitis B Virus DNA Detection from Whole Blood on a Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform with Double Rotation Axes. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31502439/) Li L, Miao B, Li Z, Sun Z, Peng N.Li L, et al.ACS Sens. 2019 Oct 25;4(10):2738-2745. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01270. Epub 2019 Sep 19.ACS Sens. 2019.PMID: 31502439 * [ Optimizing blood culture diagnostics through laboratory automation: reducing turnaround time and improving clinical outcomes. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41217182/) Qin J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang L, Yu Y, Li M, Shen Z.Qin J, et al.Microbiol Spectr. 2025 Dec 2;13(12):e0192725. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01927-25. Epub 2025 Nov 11.Microbiol Spectr. 2025.PMID: 41217182Free PMC article. * [ Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321557/) Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman
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