---
title: "High-school coping patterns predict emerging adult depressive symptoms across COVID-19"
id: "pubmed-42610216"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42610216"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/"
doi: "10.1093/chidev/aacag143"
published_at: "2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# High-school coping patterns predict emerging adult depressive symptoms across COVID-19
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42610216
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/chidev/aacag143](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchidev%2Faacag143)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This longitudinal study followed a diverse cohort of N = 940 adolescents (51% female; 34% White, 26% Latinx, 15% multi-racial/multi-ethnic) assessed annually in Grades 9–12 on five coping indicators: **internalizing**, **externalizing**, **social support seeking**, **problem solving**, and **avoidance**. - Using latent profile transition analysis, researchers identified four distinct coping profiles: **Balanced**, **Regulated Approach**, **Reactive Approach**, and **Self-Directed**. - Profiles grouped into relatively **approach-oriented** coping (Balanced; Regulated Approach) and more **avoidant/reactive** coping (Reactive Approach; Self-Directed). - A low-engagement, **Self-Directed** profile emerged in Grade 9; by Grade 10 this profile differentiated into either Balanced or Self-Directed patterns. - Profile transitions were most pronounced early in high school and stabilized in later grades. - Grade 12 coping profiles predicted trajectories of **depressive symptoms** during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021–2023) as youth entered emerging adulthood. - Adolescents with Balanced or Regulated Approach profiles reported fewer depressive symptoms and earlier improvement across the pandemic years. - Adolescents with Reactive Approach or Self-Directed profiles reported higher and more persistent depressive symptoms across 2021–2023. - The findings indicate both continuity and early reorganization in adolescent coping and show that pre-pandemic coping pathways foreshadow mental health trajectories during a major stressor like **COVID-19**.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States. * 2 Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, Boston, United States. * 3 Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States. * 4 Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Portland, United States. * PMID: **42610216** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag143 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag143) Free article Item in Clipboard # High school coping patterns and emerging adult mental health across COVID-19: A latent profile transition analysis Marika Sigal et al. Child Dev. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Child Dev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) . 2026 Aug 29;97(5):1533-1547. doi: 10.1093/chidev/aacag143. ### Authors [Marika Sigal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sigal+M&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States."), [Yawei Huang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Huang+Y&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, Boston, United States."), [Michael A Medina](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Medina+MA&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, Boston, United States."), [Amy Bellmore](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bellmore+A&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States."), [Melissa R Witkow](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Witkow+MR&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Portland, United States."), [Adrienne Nishina](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nishina+A&cauthor_id=42610216)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States. * 2 Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, Boston, United States. * 3 Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States. * 4 Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Portland, United States. * PMID: **42610216** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag143 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag143) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Using latent profile transition analysis, this study identified patterns and developmental changes in adolescents' coping across high school prior to COVID-19 and examined whether pre-pandemic coping differentiated depressive symptom trajectories across the pandemic years as youth transitioned into emerging adulthood. Participants were a diverse cohort (N = 940; 51% female; 34% White, 26% Latinx, 15% Multi-racial and multi-ethnic) assessed annually in Grades 9-12 on 5 coping indicators (internalizing, externalizing, social support seeking, problem solving, and avoidance). Distinct coping profiles reflected relatively approach-oriented coping (Balanced; Regulated Approach) and more avoidant or reactive coping (Reactive Approach; Self-Directed). A low-engagement, self-directed profile emerged in Grade 9 and, by Grade 10, differentiated into Balanced or Self-Directed patterns. Profile transitions were most evident early in high school and became stabilized thereafter. With this later stability, Grade 12 coping patterns differentiated depressive symptom trajectories across the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2023). Specifically, Balanced and Regulated Approach (i.e., approach-oriented) profiles had fewer depressive symptoms, whereas Reactive Approach and Self-Directed (i.e., avoidant, reactive) profiles had more depressive symptoms. Findings highlight both continuity and early reorganization in coping across adolescence and show that coping -pathways foreshadowed depressive symptom trajectories during the pandemic as youth transitioned into emerging adulthood. **Keywords:** COVID-19; adolescence; coping; emerging adulthood; latent profile analysis; longitudinal. ## Plain language summary This study examined how adolescents coped with stress across high school before the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these coping patterns shaped symptoms of depression across three years of the pandemic (2021–2023). Following a diverse group of 940 adolescents from 9 to 12 grades and into early adulthood, we identified four coping patterns: balanced, active coping with strong emotional control, active coping with higher emotional reactivity, and inward, self-directed coping without support-seeking. Coping patterns changed most early in high school and became more consistent in later years. Adolescents with balanced coping or stronger emotional control in twelfth grade reported fewer symptoms of depression and improved earlier during the pandemic, whereas reactive and self-directed copers reported higher and more persistent symptoms. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Conflicts of interest: Authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## Similar articles * [ Transitions of Developmental Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Between Junior and Senior High School Among Youths in Taiwan: Linkages to Symptoms in Young Adulthood. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29468368/) Wang YL, Chan HY, Chen PC.Wang YL, et al.J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018 Nov;46(8):1687-1704. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0408-8.J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018.PMID: 29468368 * [ Hidden in Plain Sight? Men's Coping Patterns and Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35069282/) Livingston JD, Youssef GJ, Francis LM, Greenwood CJ, Olsson CA, Macdonald JA.Livingston JD, et al.Front Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 5;12:772942. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772942. eCollection 2021.Front Psychiatry. 2022.PMID: 35069282Free PMC article. * [ Factors Predicting Depression Among Thai Adolescents During the Transition From the COVID-19 Pandemic to the Endemic Phase. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42257253/) Pong-Isawaranan V, Thaweekoon T, Napa W.Pong-Isawaranan V, et al.J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2026 Aug;39(3):e70061. doi: 10.1111/jcap.70061.J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2026.PMID: 42257253Free PMC article. * [ Early Adolescents' Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Changes in Their Well-Being. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35592082/) Gadermann A, Thomson K, Gill R, Schonert-Reichl KA, Gagné Petteni M, Guhn M, Warren MT, Oberle E.Gadermann A, et al.Front Public Health. 2022 May 3;10:823303. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.823303. eCollection 2022.Front Public Health. 2022.PMID: 35592082Free PMC article.Review. * [ Intersecting factors of disadvantage and discrimination and their effect on daily life during the coronavirus pandemic: the CICADA-ME mixed-methods study. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39949202/) Rivas C, Moore AP, Thomson A, Anand K, Lal ZZ, Wu AF, Aksoy O.Rivas C, et al.Health Soc Care Deliv Res. 2025 Feb;13(2):1-185. doi: 10.3310/KYTF4381.Health Soc Care Deliv Res. 2025.PMID: 39949202 [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42610216) ## MeSH terms * Adaptation, Psychological* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adaptation%2C+Psychological%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adaptation%2C+Psychological) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Adolescent Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Adolescent Behavior* / psychology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent+Behavior%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent+Behavior) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Adolescent Development* / physiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent+Development%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent+Development) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * COVID-19* / psychology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Coping Skills* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Coping+Skills%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Coping+Skills) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Depression* / psychology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Depression%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Depression) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Longitudinal Studies Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Longitudinal+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Longitudinal+Studies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610216/) * Schools Actions
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