---
title: "Parent–Adolescent Closeness and Adolescent Depression Before, During, and After COVID-19"
id: "pubmed-42405900"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42405900"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/"
doi: "10.1093/chidev/aacag114"
published_at: "2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Parent–Adolescent Closeness and Adolescent Depression Before, During, and After COVID-19
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42405900
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/chidev/aacag114](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchidev%2Faacag114)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This longitudinal study used three waves of data from the China Family Panel Study (2018 pre-pandemic; 2020 pandemic outbreak; 2022 post-pandemic) to examine bidirectional relations between **parent–adolescent closeness** and adolescent **depressive symptoms**. - The analytic sample comprised 1,780 adolescents: 841 girls (mean age 14.99 years in 2018, SD = 2.04, 87.2% Han) and 939 boys (mean age 14.89 years, SD = 1.99, 87.1% Han). - Researchers applied bivariate latent change score models to test whether lower closeness predicted later increases in depression, and whether prior depression predicted subsequent changes in closeness. - Key finding: Lower parent–adolescent closeness consistently predicted greater subsequent increases in adolescent depressive symptoms, regardless of parent or adolescent gender. - Gender-differentiated effects emerged: higher prior adolescent depression predicted greater decreases in closeness only in the **father–son** relationship. - Additional moderation by developmental age was reported for some effects; details of which effects and the nature of moderation were reported in the original article. - Plain-language summary: Adolescents who felt less close to parents became more depressed over time. Boys with higher depression later felt less close to fathers; girls with higher depression later felt closer to mothers. - The study highlights the enduring protective role of **closeness** in adolescent emotional well-being and suggests a specific vulnerability in **father–son** relationships when boys experience depression during the pandemic period. - Conflicts of interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest. - Context: The study addresses changes across the COVID-19 pandemic in China and focuses on process-oriented, gender-specific reciprocal associations between family closeness and depressive symptoms.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. * 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Clinical and Health Psychology Department, School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing, China. * 3 Thrust of Advanced Materials, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China. * PMID: **42405900** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag114 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag114) Item in Clipboard # Reciprocal relations between parent-adolescent closeness and adolescent depressive symptoms across the pre-to-post COVID-19 pandemic Xiaofang Weng et al. Child Dev. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Child Dev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) . 2026 Aug 29;97(5):1564-1577. doi: 10.1093/chidev/aacag114. ### Authors [Xiaofang Weng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weng+X&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China."), [Huiting Fang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fang+H&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Clinical and Health Psychology Department, School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing, China."), [Ye An](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=An+Y&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thrust of Advanced Materials, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology \(Guangzhou\), Guangzhou, China."), [Jianjie Xu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xu+J&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China."), [Mengyu Miranda Gao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gao+MM&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China."), [Zhuo Rachel Han](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Han+ZR&cauthor_id=42405900)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.") ### Affiliations * 1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. * 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Clinical and Health Psychology Department, School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing, China. * 3 Thrust of Advanced Materials, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China. * PMID: **42405900** * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag114 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag114) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract This study examined gender-specific, process-oriented associations between parent-adolescent closeness and adolescent depressive symptoms using three-wave data from the China Family Panel Study (2018: pre-pandemic; 2020: pandemic outbreak; 2022: post-pandemic). Participants included 841 girls (Mage = 14.99 years in 2018, SD = 2.04, 87.2% Han ethnicity) and 939 boys (Mage = 14.89 years, SD = 1.99, 87.1% Han ethnicity). Bivariate latent change score models revealed that lower closeness consistently predicted subsequent greater increases in depression, regardless of the gender of parent or adolescent. However, prior higher adolescent depression predicted greater decreases in closeness only in the father-son relationship. Some of these effects were moderated by developmental age. These findings highlight the enduring protective effect of closeness and suggest a unique vulnerability in father-son relationships when boys experience depression across the pandemic period. **Keywords:** depression; gender; latent change score; pandemic; parent–adolescent closeness. ## Plain language summary This study examined how parent–adolescent closeness and adolescents' depressive symptoms relate to each other's changes before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2018–2022) in China. We found that adolescents who felt less close to their parents became more depressed over time. When boys felt more depressed, they later felt less close to their fathers, but not their mothers. When girls felt more depressed, they later felt closer to their mothers, but not their fathers. These findings suggest that fathers may pull away from sons when they are struggling emotionally, whereas mothers often move closer to daughters. Overall, the study shows that parent–child relationships are crucial for adolescents' emotional well-being, especially during stressful times such as the pandemic. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interests. ## Similar articles * [ Reciprocal Relationships among the Educational Expectations of Fathers, Mothers, and Adolescents from Fourth Grade to Ninth Grade. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40750737/) Niu Y, Guo X, Cai H, Zhao B, Luo L.Niu Y, et al.J Youth Adolesc. 2025 Nov;54(11):2842-2858. doi: 10.1007/s10964-025-02218-4. Epub 2025 Aug 1.J Youth Adolesc. 2025.PMID: 40750737 * [ Closeness, Conflict, and Depression: Developmental Impacts of Parental-adolescent Perceptual (In)Congruence. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41205139/) Luo J, Wang Y, Feng L, Tian T, Li Y.Luo J, et al.J Youth Adolesc. 2026 Apr;55(4):904-917. doi: 10.1007/s10964-025-02284-8. Epub 2025 Nov 8.J Youth Adolesc. 2026.PMID: 41205139 * [ Personality Theories. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475469/) Gallios JM, Iyer V, Kaylor LE.Gallios JM, et al.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.PMID: 42475469Free Books & Documents. * [ Developmental trajectory of depressive symptoms among left-behind adolescents: The effects of parent-adolescent separation and parent-adolescent cohesion. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38509447/) Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao J.Liu Y, et al.J Adolesc. 2024 Jul;96(5):1102-1115. doi: 10.1002/jad.12320. Epub 2024 Mar 20.J Adolesc. 2024.PMID: 38509447 * [ Parent-adolescent communication about adolescent emotional distress and its bidirectional links with adolescent emotion regulation: Considering both parent and adolescent gender. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41431314/) Xu H, Qi Y, Su Z, Xu Y, Ding R.Xu H, et al.J Res Adolesc. 2025 Dec;35(4):e70113. doi: 10.1111/jora.70113.J Res Adolesc. 2025.PMID: 41431314 [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42405900) ## MeSH terms * Adolescent Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * COVID-19* / psychology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * China Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22China%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=China) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Depression* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Depression%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Depression) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Depression* / psychology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Depression%2Fpsychology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Depression) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Father-Child Relations* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Father-Child+Relations%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Father-Child+Relations) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42405900/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](h
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