---
title: "Pre-existing immunity shapes tonsillar germinal centre responses after intranasal LAIV"
id: "pubmed-42732724"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42732724"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/"
doi: "10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139"
published_at: "2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Pre-existing immunity shapes tonsillar germinal centre responses after intranasal LAIV
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42732724
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2026.129139)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The investigators sampled palatine tonsils from children and adults undergoing tonsillectomy to study **mucosal** responses after intranasal **LAIV**. - Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy was used to measure **germinal centre** and mantle zone architecture and to enumerate IgG- and **IgA**-positive cells within those compartments. - The study team developed an in-situ staining approach to detect **hemagglutinin**-binding cells in paraffin-embedded tonsillar tissue. - Children showed age-dependent kinetics: three days after vaccination germinal centre sizes appeared smaller while IgG and **IgA** frequencies peaked, suggesting rapid de novo responses. - Adults exhibited a different kinetic pattern: germinal centre sizes and IgG/IgA frequencies increased gradually with longer time after vaccination, consistent with expansion of preexisting structures. - Mantle zone areas increased after vaccination in both children and adults, indicating a shared architectural response across ages. - **Hemagglutinin**-binding cells were found in tonsillar tissue and in some cases co-localized with **IgA**, demonstrating antigen-specific mucosal localization. - The authors concluded that pre-existing immunity influences immune kinetics: children rapidly generate class-switched antibodies and new germinal centres, whereas adults tend to expand preexisting germinal centres with slower increases. - The abstract did not report specific participant numbers, full timepoint schedule beyond the 3-day observation in children, or quantitative statistics for the reported changes.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42732724%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/a447896c-976f-490b-b86b-2668b65114a8/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42732724%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42732724%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Elsevier Science full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-elsevieroa.png) Elsevier Science ](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264-410X\(26\)00948-5 "See full text options at Elsevier Science") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Experimental Resource Linked Discoveries ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#conflict-of-interest) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#substances) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#related-links) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement Similar articles MeSH terms Substances Related information LinkOut - more resources Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vaccine%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) . 2026 Oct 24:92:129139. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139. Epub 2026 Sep 13. # Elucidating the role of pre-existing immunity in mucosal lymphoid architectural dynamics following live attenuated influenza vaccination [Lukas Hoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hoen+L&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Lukas.hoen@uib.no."), [Sarah Lartey](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lartey+S&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway."), [Rishi Delan Pathirana](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pathirana+RD&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway."), [Rebecca Jane Cox](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cox+RJ&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, Bergen 5009, Norway."), [Karl Albert Brokstad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Brokstad+KA&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen 5063, Norway. Electronic address: Karl.Brokstad@uib.no.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Lukas.hoen@uib.no. * 2 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. * 3 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, Bergen 5009, Norway. * 4 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen 5063, Norway. Electronic address: Karl.Brokstad@uib.no. * PMID: **42732724** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139) Free article Item in Clipboard # Elucidating the role of pre-existing immunity in mucosal lymphoid architectural dynamics following live attenuated influenza vaccination Lukas Hoen et al. Vaccine. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vaccine%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) . 2026 Oct 24:92:129139. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139. Epub 2026 Sep 13. ### Authors [Lukas Hoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hoen+L&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Lukas.hoen@uib.no."), [Sarah Lartey](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lartey+S&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway."), [Rishi Delan Pathirana](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pathirana+RD&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway."), [Rebecca Jane Cox](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cox+RJ&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, Bergen 5009, Norway."), [Karl Albert Brokstad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Brokstad+KA&cauthor_id=42732724)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen 5063, Norway. Electronic address: Karl.Brokstad@uib.no.") ### Affiliations * 1 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Lukas.hoen@uib.no. * 2 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway. * 3 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, Bergen 5009, Norway. * 4 Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen 5063, Norway. Electronic address: Karl.Brokstad@uib.no. * PMID: **42732724** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129139) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract Mucosal immune responses in the upper respiratory tract are central to preventing influenza infection. The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is delivered intranasally, making it a valuable model for investigating mucosal immunity in humans. In this study, we examined structural and cellular changes in palatine tonsils following LAIV vaccination in cohorts of children and adults undergoing tonsillectomy. Using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, we assessed germinal centre and mantle zone architecture over time and quantified the distribution of IgG- and IgA-positive cells within these compartments. We also developed an in-situ staining approach to detect hemagglutinin-binding cells in paraffin-embedded tonsillar tissue. Age-dependent differences in lymphoid architecture following LAIV vaccination were observed 3 days after vaccination in children; germinal centre sizes appear smaller and IgG and IgA frequency peaks. In contrast, in adults, germinal centre sizes and IgG and IgA frequency gradually increase with increasing time post-vaccination. Mantle zone areas in children and adults increased following LAIV. In addition, hemagglutinin-binding cells were detected in tonsillar tissue, and in some instances co-localized with IgA. Pre-existing immunity influences immune kinetics; our results suggest children rapidly generate de novo germinal centres and class-switched antibodies, in contrast to adults who may expand preexisting germinal centres and trend toward gradual increases over time. **Keywords:** Influenza; LAIV; Preexisting immunity; Secondary lymphoid organ. Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Rebecca Jane Cox reports financial support was provided by Influenza centre at the University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital and the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services. Rebecca Jane Cox reports financial support was provided by The Research Council of Norway, Globvac (284930). Rebecca Jane Cox reports financial support was provided by IHI Inno4vac (101007799). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ## Similar articles * [ Pre-existing influenza-specific nasal IgA or nasal viral infection does not affect live attenuated influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33314126/) Cole ME, Kundu R, Abdulla AF, Andrews N, Hoschler K, Southern J, Jackson D, Miller E, Zambon M, Turner PJ, Tregoning JS.Cole ME, et al.Clin Exp Immunol. 2021 Apr;204(1):125-133. doi: 10.1111/cei.13564. Epub 2021 Jan 13.Clin Exp Immunol. 2021.PMID: 33314126Free PMC article.Clinical Trial. * [ Early Induction of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Tonsils After Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Children. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32255493/) Mohn KG, Brokstad KA, Islam S, Oftung F, Tøndel C, Aarstad HJ, Cox RJ.Mohn KG, et al.J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 7;221(9):1528-1537. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz583.J Infect Dis. 2020.PMID: 32255493Free PMC article. * [ Localized mucosal response to intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23087433/) Barría MI, Garrido JL, Stein C, Scher E, Ge Y, Engel SM, Kraus TA, Banach D, Moran TM.Barría MI, et al.J Infect Dis. 2013 Jan 1;207(1):115-24. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis641. Epub 2012 Oct 19.J Infect Dis. 2013.PMID: 23087433Free PMC article. * [ Live attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist®; Fluenz™): a review of its use in the prevention of seasonal influenza in children and adults. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21861544/) Carter NJ, Curran MP.Carter NJ, et al.Drugs. 2011 Aug 20;71(12):1591-622. doi: 10.2165/11206860-000000000-00000.Drugs. 2011.PMID: 21861544Review. * [ Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines: a Reasonable Approach to Improve the Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine? ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27212584/) Tamura S, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Kurata T, Hasegawa H.Tamura S, et al.Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016;69(3):165-79. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.560.Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016.PMID: 27212584Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42732724) ## MeSH terms * Adolescent Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Antibodies, Viral / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antibodies%2C+Viral%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antibodies%2C+Viral) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Child Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Child, Preschool Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child%2C+Preschool) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Germinal Center / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Germinal+Center%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Germinal+Center) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42732724/) * Immunity, Mucosal* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immunity%2C+Mucosal%22%5B
## Related Clinical Research

- [Gaps Between Willingness and Uptake of Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines in a U.S. Adult Cohort (202](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42702142.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129126)
- [Innovation, development, and licensure of improved influenza vaccines](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42759246.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129135)
- [Pharmacokinetic variability of baloxavir marboxil among 14 rare avian species](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-16-pharmacokinetic-diversity-of-baloxavir-marboxil-across-rare-avian-species.md)
- [Phylogenetic reconstruction error inflates reassortment counts in influenza A virus analyses](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-21-assessing-the-impact-of-phylogenetic-reconstruction-error-on-genetic.md)
- [Engineered Human MxA Achieves Broad, Super-Restrictor Activity Against Human-Adapted Influenza](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-20-targeted-engineering-of-human-mxa-yields-a-broad-spectrum-super-restrictor-of.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Critical Care Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.