---
title: "Tag/Catcher cVLP Display of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Boosts Immunogenicity of a DNA Vaccine in Mice"
id: "pubmed-42700748"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700748"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/"
doi: "10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117"
published_at: "2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Tag/Catcher cVLP Display of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Boosts Immunogenicity of a DNA Vaccine in Mice
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700748
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2026.129117)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study applied a modular **Tag/Catcher** capsid virus-like particle (**cVLP**) system to present the **SARS-CoV-2** receptor-binding domain (**RBD**) in vivo after DNA vaccination. - Investigators delivered two plasmids concurrently: one coding the soluble **RBD** antigen and another coding a **cVLP** scaffold, each fused to complementary Tag/Catcher partners, allowing assembly of antigen-decorated particles inside the host. - The authors reported that, relative to a control DNA vaccine encoding soluble **RBD**, the Tag/Catcher cVLP display increased neutralizing antibody titers in mice; the source abstract did not report numeric titers or statistical values. - The cVLP approach also elicited higher **RBD**-specific CD8+ T-cell responses compared with soluble RBD DNA; specific assays and magnitudes were not detailed in the abstract. - The paper positions this modular display as broadly applicable to enhance **DNA vaccine** potency, and suggests combination with DNA delivery advances could produce additive or synergistic effects; the abstract did not provide data on combination approaches or delivery modalities. - Authors and affiliations include academic groups and AdaptVac ApS; several contributors are named as inventors on a related patent application and some are company shareholders, per the conflict of interest statement. - The work was performed in mice; the abstract emphasizes that DNA vaccines historically show low immunogenicity in humans and did not claim clinical efficacy in humans.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Sep 5. # Virus-like particle display of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain using a modular tag/catcher system enhances immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine in mice [Anna K Okholm](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Okholm+AK&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Cyrielle Fougeroux](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fougeroux+C&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Sven H Hagen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hagen+SH&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Søren R Paludan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Paludan+SR&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."), [Morten A Nielsen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nielsen+MA&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Willem A de Jongh](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=de+Jongh+WA&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Adam F Sander](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sander+AF&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: asander@sund.ku.dk.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 2 AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 3 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. * 4 Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: asander@sund.ku.dk. * PMID: **42700748** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117) Free article Item in Clipboard # Virus-like particle display of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain using a modular tag/catcher system enhances immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine in mice Anna K Okholm et al. Vaccine. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vaccine%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/) . 2026 Oct 24:92:129117. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117. Epub 2026 Sep 5. ### Authors [Anna K Okholm](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Okholm+AK&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Cyrielle Fougeroux](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fougeroux+C&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Sven H Hagen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hagen+SH&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Søren R Paludan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Paludan+SR&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."), [Morten A Nielsen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nielsen+MA&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Willem A de Jongh](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=de+Jongh+WA&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-2 "AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark."), [Adam F Sander](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sander+AF&cauthor_id=42700748)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700748/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: asander@sund.ku.dk.") ### Affiliations * 1 Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 2 AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 3 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. * 4 Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; AdaptVac ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: asander@sund.ku.dk. * PMID: **42700748** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129117) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical need for adaptable, rapid-response vaccine platforms. While mRNA vaccines enabled fast and scalable development, their stringent cold-chain requirements limited global accessibility. DNA vaccines offer a similarly fast and flexible vaccine design, but require far less complex manufacturing and distribution conditions, which is an advantage during a pandemic response. However, DNA vaccines have generally shown low immunogenicity in humans, which has hindered their clinical translation. Therefore, strategies that can enhance the potency of DNA vaccines are critical for realizing the full potential of this platform. Here, we apply a modular Tag/Catcher capsid virus-like particle (cVLP) technology to improve the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). Specifically, by administering a mixture of two plasmids, one encoding the RBD antigen and the other encoding a cVLP scaffold, each fused to a complementary Tag/Catcher binding partner, we induce in vivo assembly of cVLPs displaying multiple copies of the RBD antigen. In comparison to a control DNA vaccine encoding soluble RBD, the modular cVLP-display approach enhances both neutralizing antibody titers and RBD-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice. These findings demonstrate that the modular Tag/Catcher approach for cVLP display offers a widely applicable strategy for enhancing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, which could be combined with ongoing advances in DNA delivery for additive or synergistic benefit. Incorporating the Tag/Catcher cVLP technology may thus help establish the DNA platform as a viable tool for pandemic preparedness and cost-effective immunization in humans and animals. **Keywords:** Antigen-display; CD8(+) T cells; Capsid virus-like particle (cVLP); DNA vaccine; Neutralizing antibodies; Receptor-binding domain (RBD); SARS-CoV-2; Tag/catcher. Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: C.F., M.A.N., W.A.J., and A.F.S. are listed as co-inventors on a patent application related to a capsid virus-like particle (cVLP)-based modular vaccine platform in a nucleic acid format (P5856PC00). C.F., S.H.H., W.A.J., and A.F.S. are shareholders of AdaptVac ApS, a company developing virus-like particle display technologies and vaccines. ## Similar articles * [ Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33436573/) Fougeroux C, Goksøyr L, Idorn M, Soroka V, Myeni SK, Dagil R, Janitzek CM, Søgaard M, Aves KL, Horsted EW, Erdoğan SM, Gustavsson T, Dorosz J, Clemmensen S, Fredsgaard L, Thrane S, Vidal-Calvo EE, Khalifé P, Hulen TM, Choudhary S, Theisen M, Singh SK, Garcia-Senosiain A, Van Oosten L, Pijlman G, Hierzberger B, Domeyer T, Nalewajek BW, Strøbæk A, Skrzypczak M, Andersson LF, Buus S, Buus AS, Christensen JP, Dalebout TJ, Iversen K, Harritshøj LH, Mordmüller B, Ullum H, Reinert LS, de Jongh WA, Kikkert M, Paludan SR, Theander TG, Nielsen MA, Salanti A, Sander AF.Fougeroux C, et al.Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 12;12(1):324. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20251-8.Nat Commun. 2021.PMID: 33436573Free PMC article. * [ Construction and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle expressed by recombinant baculovirus BacMam. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38916311/) Nguyen HT, Falzarano D, Gerdts V, Liu Q.Nguyen HT, et al.Microbiol Spectr. 2024 Aug 6;12(8):e0095924. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00959-24. Epub 2024 Jun 25.Microbiol Spectr. 2024.PMID: 38916311Free PMC article. * [ Development and Evaluation of a Newcastle Disease Virus-like Particle Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Protease-Resistant and Stability-Enhanced Modifications. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39772238/) Chen Y, Tian F, Hu S, Liu X.Chen Y, et al.Viruses. 2024 Dec 18;16(12):1932. doi: 10.3390/v16121932.Viruses. 2024.PMID: 39772238Free PMC article. * [ Adjuvant combination and antigen multimerization shape neutralizing antibody and T cell responses to a SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccine. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40746548/) Nunes JPDS, Silva MO, Apostolico JS, Daher IP, Marques RF, Yamamoto MM, Carvalho AAVB, de Castro-Amarante MF, Durigon EL, Wrenger C, Janini LMR, de Souza EE, Andreata-Santos R, Maricato JT, Cunha-Neto E, Kalil J, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS.Nunes JPDS, et al.Front Immunol. 2025 Jul 17;16:1610422. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1610422. eCollection 2025.Front Immunol. 2025.PMID: 40746548Free PMC article. * [ A Novel DNA Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Encoding a Chimeric Protein of Its Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Fused to the Amino-Terminal Region of Hepatitis B Virus preS1 With a W4P Mutation. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732258/) Jeong H, Choi YM, Seo H, Kim BJ.Jeong H, et al.Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 26;12:637654. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637654. eCollection 2021.Front Immunol. 2021.PMID: 33732258Free PMC article. 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