---
title: "Thrombin‑Antithrombin Complex and Fibrinogen as Early Predictors of Trauma‑Related AKI"
id: "pubmed-42678921"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42678921"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/"
doi: "10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Thrombin‑Antithrombin Complex and Fibrinogen as Early Predictors of Trauma‑Related AKI
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42678921
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/)
- **DOI:** [10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806](https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fbloodadvances.2026020806)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This is a secondary analysis of a single‑center randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02535949) evaluating coagulation and fibrinolysis biomarkers in severely injured adult trauma patients. - Plasma biomarkers measured within 2 hours of injury and again at 6 hours included **thrombin‑antithrombin (TAT)**, plasmin‑α2‑antiplasmin (PAP), and **fibrinogen**. - Acute kidney injury (**AKI**) was defined using the RIFLE criteria; among 149 patients, 30 (20.1%) developed AKI. - Patients who developed AKI had higher **TAT** and PAP concentrations and lower **fibrinogen** at both measured time points. - The 6‑hour **TAT‑to‑fibrinogen ratio** was independently associated with AKI (adjusted OR 7.17; 95% CI 2.34–21.9; p = 0.001) and showed strong discrimination (AUC = 0.88). - Supplemental analyses found consistent independent associations for **TAT** and **fibrinogen** individually; **PAP** was not independently predictive of AKI. - A 6‑hour **TAT** level 173 mg/dL at 6 hours had NPV 88.2%. - Findings suggest that early postinjury coagulation imbalance—elevated **TAT** and reduced **fibrinogen**—may reflect evolving microvascular kidney dysfunction in trauma and support further evaluation of the **TAT‑to‑fibrinogen ratio** as an early marker of trauma‑related AKI. - Trial design specifics such as detailed inclusion/exclusion criteria, adjustment covariates, and full demographic breakdown beyond those reported were not provided in the source abstract.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Online ahead of print. # Thrombin-Antithrombin Complex and Fibrinogen Predict Microangiopathic Acute Kidney Injury in Injured Patients [Rida Zakar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zakar+R&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Gena V Topper](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Topper+GV&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States."), [Abiha Abdullah](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Abdullah+A&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Morgan Mollen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mollen+M&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Tvisha Subhasish](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Subhasish+T&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States."), [Reem Younes](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Younes+R&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Mazen S Zenati](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zenati+MS&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Kimberly A Thomas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thomas+KA&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, United States."), [Tanya Egodage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Egodage+T&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States."), [Bryce A Kerlin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kerlin+BA&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States."), [Grant V Bochicchio](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bochicchio+GV&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States."), [Emily P Mihalko](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mihalko+EP&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Julia R Coleman](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Coleman+JR&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-7 "The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States."), [Philip C Spinella](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Spinella+PC&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-8 "University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Susan M Shea](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shea+SM&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Matthew D Neal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Neal+MD&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#full-view-affiliation-9 "University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * 2 Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States. * 3 Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States. * 4 Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, United States. * 5 Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States. * 6 Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States. * 7 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States. * 8 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * 9 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * PMID: **42678921** * DOI: [ 10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806 ](https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806) Item in Clipboard # Thrombin-Antithrombin Complex and Fibrinogen Predict Microangiopathic Acute Kidney Injury in Injured Patients Rida Zakar et al. Blood Adv. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Blood Adv Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Blood+Adv%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Blood+Adv%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/) . 2026 Sep 1:bloodadvances.2026020806. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806. Online ahead of print. ### Authors [Rida Zakar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zakar+R&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Gena V Topper](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Topper+GV&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States."), [Abiha Abdullah](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Abdullah+A&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Morgan Mollen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mollen+M&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Tvisha Subhasish](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Subhasish+T&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States."), [Reem Younes](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Younes+R&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Mazen S Zenati](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zenati+MS&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Kimberly A Thomas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thomas+KA&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, United States."), [Tanya Egodage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Egodage+T&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States."), [Bryce A Kerlin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kerlin+BA&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States."), [Grant V Bochicchio](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bochicchio+GV&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States."), [Emily P Mihalko](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mihalko+EP&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Julia R Coleman](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Coleman+JR&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-7 "The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States."), [Philip C Spinella](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Spinella+PC&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-8 "University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Susan M Shea](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shea+SM&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States."), [Matthew D Neal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Neal+MD&cauthor_id=42678921)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678921/#short-view-affiliation-9 "University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.") ### Affiliations * 1 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * 2 Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, United States. * 3 Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States. * 4 Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, United States. * 5 Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States. * 6 Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States. * 7 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States. * 8 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * 9 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. * PMID: **42678921** * DOI: [ 10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806 ](https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2026020806) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in 20-40% of critically injured patients and contributes to poor outcomes. In sepsis and critical illness, dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis are linked to microangiopathic kidney dysfunction, but similar relationships in trauma are not well characterized. We performed a secondary analysis of a single-center randomized controlled trial of severely injured adult trauma patients. Plasma thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), plasmin-2-antiplasmin (PAP), and fibrinogen were measured within 2 hours of injury and 6 hours later. The primary outcome was AKI, defined by the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease) criteria. Adjusted logistic regression models evaluated biomarker associations with AKI. Receiver operating characteristic analyses identified discriminatory thresholds. Among 149 patients, 30 (20.1%) developed AKI. Patients with AKI had higher TAT and PAP concentrations and lower fibrinogen levels at both time points. The 6-hour TAT-to-fibrinogen ratio was independently associated with AKI (Adjusted OR 7.17; 95% CI 2.34-21.9, p = 0.001, AUC = 0.88). Supplemental analyses demonstrated consistent associations for TAT and fibrinogen individually, whereas PAP was not independently predictive. A 6-hour TAT level 173 mg/dL showed a low likelihood of AKI (NPV 88.2%). Elevated TAT and reduced fibrinogen measured 6 hours after injury were independently associated with AKI. This suggests that early coagulation imbalance may reflect evolving microvascular kidney dysfunction in injured patients and potentially warrants the evaluation of the TAT-to-fibrinogen ratio as an early marker of trauma-related AKI. ([NCT02535949](http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02535949 "See in ClinicalTrials.gov")). Copyright © 2026 American Society of Hematology. 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