---
title: "Validity of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Calculations Using a Test-Negative Design in Thailand"
id: "pubmed-42053054"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42053054"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Critical Care"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/"
doi: "10.1093/aje/kwag094"
published_at: "2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Validity of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Calculations Using a Test-Negative Design in Thailand
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42053054
- **Specialty:** [Critical Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/critical-care.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/aje/kwag094](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwag094)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Article metadata: published in American Journal of Epidemiology (Am J Epidemiol) on 2026 Sep 3; volume 195(9):2423–2429, DOI 10.1093/aje/kwag094 and PubMed PMID 42053054. The article is available as a free full text. - Study focus: evaluation of the **validity** of **influenza vaccine effectiveness** calculations that use a **test-negative design** in **Thailand** (title is the primary descriptor; no study results or numerical findings appear in the provided source body). - Authorship and affiliations: first author Erica E Zeno and a multi-institutional team with affiliations including the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Influenza Division; Epidemic Intelligence Service), Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Kasetsart University Faculty of Public Health (Sakon Nakhon Campus), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control (Thailand), and Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital. - Geographic and institutional context: collaboration between US CDC and Thai public-health institutions; study setting stated as Thailand in the title. - Availability: PubMed entry includes a full-text link (Silverchair Information Systems) and indicates the article is free. DOI and PMID provided for retrieval. - Limitations of the present source: the supplied PubMed page content includes title, authors, affiliations, citation metadata, DOI, PMID, and links, but the abstract text, methods, results, conclusions, numeric estimates, and specific validity assessments are not present in the provided source body. Therefore details on study design specifics, sample size, statistical methods, VE estimates, bias assessments, or authors’ conclusions were not reported in the source text supplied here. - Actionable note: readers seeking study methods and findings must consult the linked full text; the PubMed metadata alone does not permit assessment of the study’s conclusions or implications for clinical or public-health practice. - Keywords to emphasize: **influenza vaccine effectiveness**, **test-negative design**, **Thailand**.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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resources Am J Epidemiol Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/) . 2026 Sep 3;195(9):2423-2429. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwag094. # Validity of influenza vaccine effectiveness calculations using a test-negative design in Thailand [Erica E Zeno](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zeno+EE&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States."), [Prabda Praphasiri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Praphasiri+P&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Wichan Bhunyakitikorn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhunyakitikorn+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Sutthichai Nakphook](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nakphook+S&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand."), [Darunee Ditsungnoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ditsungnoen+D&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Wuttiphong Phakdeekul](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Phakdeekul+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Passakorn Ongarj](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ongarj+P&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Ratchadaporn Ungcharoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ungcharoen+R&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Warinmad Kedthongma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kedthongma+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Seesai Yeesoonsang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yeesoonsang+S&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Kanlaya Sornwong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sornwong+K&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand."), [Chaninan Sonthichai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sonthichai+C&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Anna N Chard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chard+AN&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States."), [William W Davis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Davis+WW&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Martha P Montgomery](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Montgomery+MP&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Kriengkrai Prasert](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Prasert+K&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. * 2 Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. * 3 Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand. * 4 Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. * 5 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand. * 6 Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. * PMID: **42053054** * DOI: [ 10.1093/aje/kwag094 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag094) Free article Item in Clipboard # Validity of influenza vaccine effectiveness calculations using a test-negative design in Thailand Erica E Zeno et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Am J Epidemiol Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/) . 2026 Sep 3;195(9):2423-2429. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwag094. ### Authors [Erica E Zeno](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zeno+EE&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States."), [Prabda Praphasiri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Praphasiri+P&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Wichan Bhunyakitikorn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhunyakitikorn+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Sutthichai Nakphook](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nakphook+S&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand."), [Darunee Ditsungnoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ditsungnoen+D&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Wuttiphong Phakdeekul](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Phakdeekul+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Passakorn Ongarj](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ongarj+P&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Ratchadaporn Ungcharoen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ungcharoen+R&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Warinmad Kedthongma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kedthongma+W&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand."), [Seesai Yeesoonsang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yeesoonsang+S&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Kanlaya Sornwong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sornwong+K&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand."), [Chaninan Sonthichai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sonthichai+C&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Anna N Chard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chard+AN&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States."), [William W Davis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Davis+WW&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Martha P Montgomery](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Montgomery+MP&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand."), [Kriengkrai Prasert](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Prasert+K&cauthor_id=42053054)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053054/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand.") ### Affiliations * 1 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. * 2 Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. * 3 Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collabora
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