---
title: "Sodium fluoride (NaF) rinse alters species composition of early oral biofilms on enamel and dentine"
id: "pubmed-42693341"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42693341"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Dentistry"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/"
doi: "10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1"
published_at: "2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Sodium fluoride (NaF) rinse alters species composition of early oral biofilms on enamel and dentine
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42693341
- **Specialty:** [Dentistry](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/dentistry.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00784-026-07121-1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Objective: To determine whether a single 500 ppm **sodium fluoride (NaF)** rinse modifies the composition of very early oral biofilms formed in situ on human enamel and dentine. - Design: Double-blind, randomized, crossover in situ trial with 12 adult volunteers wearing mandibular appliances that held enamel and dentine specimens. - Procedure: After 1 minute for pellicle formation, participants rinsed for 1 minute with either NaF solution (500 ppm F–) or deionized water, then wore the appliance overnight (~8 hours) to allow early biofilm formation. - Microbiology: Biofilm composition was assessed by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile taxa at species level. - Diversity findings: No significant differences in alpha or beta diversity between NaF and control groups; overall community diversity and dominant genera remained stable. - Dominant taxa: Overall dominant genera across specimens were **Streptococcus** (61–71%), Haemophilus (15–24%), Gemella (4–6%), Veillonella (1–3%), and Rothia (1–2%). - Species-level shifts: NaF rinse produced subtle, significant changes at the species level — increasing several **Streptococcus** spp. (including S. salivarius and S. toyakuensis) and decreasing other Streptococcus spp., Neisseria, and Prevotella species. - Surface-specific effects: On enamel, NaF decreased S. gordonii and increased S. oralis and S. parasanguinis; on dentine, NaF was associated with increased Rothia and Haemophilus species. - Interpretation: A single 500 ppm NaF rinse does not alter overall community structure but induces modest, surface-dependent species-level shifts in early oral biofilms formed in situ. - Clinical implications: These exploratory findings suggest potential microbiome modulation by fluoride rinses, but the study did not address functional consequences or direct clinical outcomes; further research is needed. - Trial details and ethics: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04033263); approved by local ethics committee (Project ID 2022-01904); written informed consent obtained. Conflict of interest: one author recused from editorial handling; others declared no conflicts.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693341%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/c24ab723-7c80-48cd-9c68-022ded852586/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693341%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693341%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#conflict-of-interest) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#references) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#substances) * [ Associated data ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#supplemental-data) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement References Publication types MeSH terms Substances Associated data Randomized Controlled Trial Clin Oral Investig Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clin+Oral+Investig%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Clin+Oral+Investig%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) . 2026 Sep 4;30(9):430. doi: 10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1. # Effect of a sodium fluoride rinse on the composition of early oral biofilms formed in situ on enamel and dentine [Luciana Pisenti Berto](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Berto+LP&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. luciana.pisentiberto@unibe.ch."), [Jingyu Ding](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ding+J&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Letícia Oba Sakae](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sakae+LO&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Samira Helena Niemeyer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Niemeyer+SH&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Richard Johannes Wierichs](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wierichs+RJ&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, Bonn, 53111, Germany."), [Antônio Pedro Ricomini-Filho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ricomini-Filho+AP&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Biosciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Limeira 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil."), [Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Meyer-Lueckel+H&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Tommy Baumann](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Baumann+T&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Thiago Saads Carvalho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Carvalho+TS&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. luciana.pisentiberto@unibe.ch. * 2 Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. * 3 Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, Bonn, 53111, Germany. * 4 Department of Biosciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Limeira 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil. * PMID: **42693341** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1) Item in Clipboard Randomized Controlled Trial # Effect of a sodium fluoride rinse on the composition of early oral biofilms formed in situ on enamel and dentine Luciana Pisenti Berto et al. Clin Oral Investig. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Clin Oral Investig Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clin+Oral+Investig%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Clin+Oral+Investig%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) . 2026 Sep 4;30(9):430. doi: 10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1. ### Authors [Luciana Pisenti Berto](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Berto+LP&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. luciana.pisentiberto@unibe.ch."), [Jingyu Ding](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ding+J&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Letícia Oba Sakae](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sakae+LO&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Samira Helena Niemeyer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Niemeyer+SH&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Richard Johannes Wierichs](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wierichs+RJ&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, Bonn, 53111, Germany."), [Antônio Pedro Ricomini-Filho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ricomini-Filho+AP&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Biosciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Limeira 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil."), [Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Meyer-Lueckel+H&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Tommy Baumann](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Baumann+T&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland."), [Thiago Saads Carvalho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Carvalho+TS&cauthor_id=42693341)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. luciana.pisentiberto@unibe.ch. * 2 Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland. * 3 Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, Bonn, 53111, Germany. * 4 Department of Biosciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Limeira 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil. * PMID: **42693341** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-026-07121-1) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Objectives:** Dental caries results from dysbiotic shifts in the microbial community, so modulating biofilm composition represents a valid preventive strategy. The aim of this double-blind randomized crossover in situ study was to investigate how a fluoride rinse can modify the composition of the early oral biofilm formed on enamel and dentine. **Materials and methods:** Twelve volunteers wore mandibular appliances containing 3 enamel and 3 dentine specimens for 1 min, to allow basal pellicle formation, then rinsed (1 min) with a NaF solution (500 ppm F⁻) or deionized water (DW) and kept the appliance overnight (8 h). The composition of the biofilms was analysed using full-length 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. **Results:** Alpha and beta diversity did not differ between groups. Dominant genera were Streptococcus (61-71%), Haemophilus (15-24%), Gemella (4-6%), Veillonella (1-3%), and Rothia (1-2%), with no significant group differences. On both enamel and dentine, NaF rinse significantly increased the relative abundance of several Streptococcus spp., including S. salivarius and S. toyakuensis, while decreasing species of Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Prevotella. On enamel, NaF reduced S. gordonii and increased S. oralis and S. parasanguinis; on dentine, it increased species of Rothia and Haemophilus. **Conclusions:** NaF rinse induces subtle species-level changes in early biofilms formed on enamel and dentine, while overall community diversity and dominant genera remain stable. **Clinical relevance:** This exploratory study suggests that a 500 ppm NaF rinse is associated with subtle species-level shifts in early oral biofilms. Further studies are needed to determine whether these changes translate into functional benefits or improved oral health outcomes. **Clinical trial registration:** The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ([NCT04033263](http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04033263 "See in ClinicalTrials.gov")). **Keywords:** Caries; Dentine; Enamel; Fluoride; Microbiome; Sequencing. © 2026. The Author(s). [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Ethics approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Project ID 2022 − 01904) and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04033263). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Competing interests: Given his role as Section Editor, R.J.W. was not involved in the peer review or editorial process of this article. Full responsibility was delegated to another editor. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## References 1. 1. Nascimento MM (2019) Approaches to Modulate Biofilm Ecology. Dent Clin North Am 63:581–594. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2019.07.002) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31470914/) 2. 1. Marsh PD (2018) In Sickness and in Health-What Does the Oral Microbiome Mean to Us? An Ecological Perspective. Adv Dent Res 29:60–65. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517735295) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29355410/) 3. 1. Marsh PD, Zaura E (2017) Dental biofilm: ecological interactions in health and disease. J Clin Periodontol 44 Suppl 18:S12–S22. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12679) 4. 1. Baumann T, Niemeyer SH, Lussi A, Scaramucci T, Carvalho TS (2023) Rinsing solutions containing natural extracts and fluoride prevent enamel erosion in vitro. J Appl Oral Sci 31:e20230108. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0108) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37493702/) 5. 1. Camara JVF, Schestakow A, Hannig M (2025) Impact of modifications on the characteristics of salivary pellicle on dental hard tissue: a scoping review. J Dent 157:105779. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105779) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40274218/) Show all 49 references ## Publication types * Randomized Controlled Trial Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Randomized+Controlled+Trial%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Randomized+Controlled+Trial) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) * Biofilms* / drug effects Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Biofilms%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Biofilms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693341/) * Cariostatic Agents* / pharmacology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cariostatic+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
## Related Clinical Research

- [Dental Unit Waterline Safety: Test, Treat, and Document with QuickPass](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/off-the-cusp-0-don-t-let-your-dental-water-close-your-doors.md)
- [Eubacterium saphenum and Periodontitis: Systematic Review Linking Detection to Disease Severity](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-19-association-between-eubacterium-saphenum-and-periodontitis-a-systematic-review.md)
- [Air‑abrasion Pretreatment Improves Retention of Giomer‑Based Pit and Fissure Sealants: 12‑Month RCT](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42687162.md) (DOI: 10.1186/s12903-026-09691-8)
- [Behavioral Modification as a Mediator of Digital Therapeutic Response in Temporomandibular Disorde](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42691400.md) (DOI: 10.2196/104264)
- [DentalPair-Cert: Enhancing Rigorous Comparison Between Dental AI and Dentists](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-14-can-dental-ai-really-beat-dentists-dentalpair-cert-for-rigorous-ai-dentist.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Dentistry Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/dentistry.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.