---
title: "Aquamin study: Bioavailability of calcium, magnesium, and trace cations in the colon"
id: "biorxiv-4-aquamin-a-source-of-bioavailable-calcium-magnesium-and-additional-cationic"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-4-aquamin-a-source-of-bioavailable-calcium-magnesium-and-additional-cationic"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Gastroenterology"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-10-20T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Aquamin study: Bioavailability of calcium, magnesium, and trace cations in the colon
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-4-aquamin-a-source-of-bioavailable-calcium-magnesium-and-additional-cationic
- **Specialty:** [Gastroenterology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/gastroenterology.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-20T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Investigators compared **Aquamin** (a red-algae mineral extract) with calcium carbonate using a two-stage simulated gastric-to-intestinal digestion protocol to model solubility and precipitation. - Quantification of cationic elements in soluble and insoluble fractions used ICP-OES and ICP-MS; the source reported which elements remained soluble after pH transition. - Under acidic gastric conditions both products solubilized; Aquamin showed greater acid resistance than calcium carbonate in the study team's assays. - On transfer to neutral intestinal-like conditions, most **calcium** remained soluble for both materials; **magnesium** and **strontium** stayed soluble with Aquamin while several trace elements became partly or fully insoluble. - Microscopy showed rapid binding of dispersed Aquamin particles to human colon epithelial cells; ultrafine particles were observed between adjacent cells by electron microscopy. - Calcium carbonate bound more slowly and to fewer colon epithelial cells in the same assays, investigators reported. - TMT-based proteomics of colon epithelial organoids exposed to the minerals identified increases in proteins linked to enterocyte cation uptake, intracellular trafficking, and basolateral secretion. - Serum samples from 90- and 180-day Aquamin intervention trials revealed increased serum **strontium** levels; most other circulating elements changed minimally, though serum iron rose modestly according to the authors. - Authors concluded Aquamin supplies a bioavailable source of multiple cationic elements and proposed transcellular uptake for soluble cations with possible paracellular passage for less-soluble elements. - The paper reported competing interests for two authors affiliated with Marigot Inc.; no other competing interests were declared by the authors.
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N Aslam, Randall N Knibbs, Jacob E Theisen, Keith MacRenaris, Shane O'Connell, Denise M O'Gorman, James Varani doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. Shannon D McClintock 1 University of Michigan Medical School; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Shannon%2B%2BD%2BMcClintock%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=McClintock%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AShannon%2B%2BD%2BMcClintock%2B) Muhammad N. N Aslam 1 University of Michigan Medical School; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Muhammad%2B%2BN.%2BN%2BAslam%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Aslam%20M&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AMuhammad%2B%2BN.%2BN%2BAslam%2B) * [ORCID record for Muhammad N. N Aslam](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-5357 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: mnaslam@med.umich.edu Randall N Knibbs 1 University of Michigan Medical School; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Randall%2BN%2BKnibbs%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Knibbs%20RN&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ARandall%2BN%2BKnibbs%2B) Jacob E Theisen 1 University of Michigan Medical School; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Jacob%2BE%2BTheisen%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Theisen%20JE&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJacob%2BE%2BTheisen%2B) Keith MacRenaris 2 Michigan State University; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Keith%2BMacRenaris%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=MacRenaris%20K&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AKeith%2BMacRenaris%2B) Shane O'Connell 3 Marigot Research Centre * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Shane%2BO%27Connell%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=O%27Connell%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AShane%2BO%2527Connell%2B) Denise M O'Gorman 3 Marigot Research Centre * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Denise%2BM%2BO%27Gorman%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=O%27Gorman%20DM&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ADenise%2BM%2BO%2527Gorman%2B) James Varani 1 University of Michigan Medical School; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=James%2BVarani%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Varani%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJames%2BVarani%2B) * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5885830/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5885830/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5885830/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5885830/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5885830/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Introduction: Aquamin is a calcium- and magnesium-rich natural product derived from marine red algae that contains multiple trace elements. Human and mouse studies have demonstrated potential health benefits. Methods: Aquamin and calcium carbonate were compared using a two-stage simulated gastric and intestinal digestion protocol. ICP-OES/ICP-MS was used to quantify cationic elements in soluble and insoluble fractions. Binding of dispersed mineral powders to human colon epithelial cells was assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and uptake was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. TMT-based proteomics identified protein changes in colon epithelial organoids following mineral exposure. Serum samples from 90- and 180-day Aquamin intervention trials were analyzed for changes in circulating cationic elements. Results: Both Aquamin and calcium carbonate were solubilized under simulated gastric conditions, although Aquamin was more acid-resistant. After transfer to neutral-pH intestinal conditions, limited precipitation occurred, and most calcium remained soluble. With Aquamin, magnesium and strontium also remained soluble, whereas several trace elements became partially or completely insoluble. Aquamin rapidly bound to colon epithelial cells, with ultrafine Aquamin particles detected between adjacent cells. Calcium carbonate bound more slowly and to fewer cells. Aquamin increased proteins involved in enterocyte cation uptake, intracellular trafficking, and basolateral secretion. Serum strontium levels increased in study participants after 90 or 180 days of Aquamin consumption; most other elements changed minimally, although serum iron increased modestly. Conclusions: Aquamin provides a bioavailable source of several cationic elements. Soluble calcium, magnesium, and strontium may be absorbed primarily through transcellular pathways, while less-soluble elements may also cross the colonic epithelium through paracellular mechanisms. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors declare no competing interests, except SO and DMO, who are affiliated with Marigot Inc. ## Funder Information Declared University of Michigan’s discretionary funds University of Michigan Pandemic Research Recovery Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (Litwin) Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. [Donate to openRxiv ](https://www.zeffy.com/en-US/donation-form/donate-to-make-a-difference-10981) [ Back to top](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236v1?rss=1#page) [ Previous](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.759896v1 "Reliable and Efficient Agentic Protein Design with Toolset Harnessing") Posted October 20, 2026. 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N Aslam, Randall N Knibbs, Jacob E Theisen, Keith MacRenaris, Shane O'Connell, Denise M O'Gorman, James Varani bioRxiv 2026.10.14.759236; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759236 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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