---
title: "Animal personality and behavioural welfare diagnostics in Arctic charr: effects of environmental c"
id: "biorxiv-0-the-role-of-animal-personality-in-behavioural-welfare-diagnostics-a-case-study"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-0-the-role-of-animal-personality-in-behavioural-welfare-diagnostics-a-case-study"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-08-28T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Animal personality and behavioural welfare diagnostics in Arctic charr: effects of environmental c
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-0-the-role-of-animal-personality-in-behavioural-welfare-diagnostics-a-case-study
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-28T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Animal personality refers to consistent among-individual variation in behaviour across time and context and provides a framework to partition among- and within-individual behavioural variation. - The theory can inform **behavioural welfare diagnostics** by focusing on species-typical behaviour expression and the maintenance of consistent behavioural patterns over time. - Behavioural traits like **boldness** may covary with other functional phenotypes (e.g., growth rate, brain size), reflecting broader personality syndromes that support adaptive responses to environments. - Environmental complexity tends to promote species-specific behaviours and reduce maladaptive traits; the authors tested this idea in **Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)**. - The study compared fish housed in structurally complex versus plain environments and assessed boldness repeatability over time and potential covariation with growth rate and brain size. - Environmental complexity did not change mean boldness between treatments, but it did sustain **long-term repeatability** of boldness: repeatability remained consistent in the complex environment while collapsing after seven days in the plain environment. - These results indicate that a plain environment may suppress personality expression, whereas complexity fosters stable behavioural traits. - The authors found no evidence for behavioural covariation between boldness and growth rate or brain size in their dataset. - The paper proposes that environmental complexity promotes alternative behavioural and functional phenotypes via multivariate phenotypic plasticity. - The authors conclude that the animal personality framework—through partitioning behavioural variance—may be a useful approach for diagnosing fish welfare, though observed covariation with functional traits was not supported in this case. - Competing interests: none declared. Funder: Rannis (195615-051).
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Joris Philip 1 University of Glasgow; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Joris%2BPhilip%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Philip%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJoris%2BPhilip%2B) * [ORCID record for Joris Philip](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-195X "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: j.philip.1@research.gla.ac.uk Gabrielle Laduree 2 University of Iceland at Holar * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Gabrielle%2BLaduree%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Laduree%20G&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AGabrielle%2BLaduree%2B) * [ORCID record for Gabrielle Laduree](http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3120-0100 "Open in new tab") Audrey Prat 2 University of Iceland at Holar * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Audrey%2BPrat%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prat%20A&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AAudrey%2BPrat%2B) Marion Dellinger 2 University of Iceland at Holar * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Marion%2BDellinger%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dellinger%20M&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AMarion%2BDellinger%2B) * [ORCID record for Marion Dellinger](http://orcid.org/0009-0006-8834-2313 "Open in new tab") Sabine Lobligeois 2 University of Iceland at Holar * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Sabine%2BLobligeois%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lobligeois%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ASabine%2BLobligeois%2B) * [ORCID record for Sabine Lobligeois](http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9232-9965 "Open in new tab") David Benhaim 2 University of Iceland at Holar * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=David%2BBenhaim%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Benhaim%20D&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ADavid%2BBenhaim%2B) * [ORCID record for David Benhaim](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0359-5324 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5739774/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5739774/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5739774/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5739774/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Animal personality is the expression of consistent among-individual variation in a behavioural trait across time and context. The application of this theory to behavioural research provides a valuable framework to investigate the among- and within-individual variation in behaviour. The animal personality theory is particularly relevant to understand and diagnostic fish welfare. It can be integrated within the nature-based welfare framework, which emphasizes the expression of species-specific behaviours and the maintenance of consistent behavioural patterns over time. Because behavioural trait such as boldness may be closely linked to other functional phenotypes, such associations reflect the broader concept of animal personality, whereby a behavioural trait can covary with another phenotypic trait to support an adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Although these relationships are both species and context dependent, they are consistently shaped by environmental conditions and environmental complexity tend to promote species specific behaviours and reduce maladaptive traits. Here we examined how structural environmental complexity shapes personality in Arctic charr and their covarying functional phenotypes, specifically growth rate and brain size. We propose that environmental complexity promotes alternative behavioural and functional phenotypes through multivariate phenotypic plasticity. We found that environmental complexity did not influence mean boldness between both treatments, but repeatability of boldness in the complex environment was remarkably consistent over a longer-term period, while estimates collapse after seven days in the plain treatment. Our findings are a clear evidence that environmental complexity foster stable behavioural trait expression and that a plain environment may suppress personality. Our results provide compelling evidence that behavioural structure and dynamics are embedded within patterns of behavioural variance. Although we found no support for behavioural covariation or associations with growth rate and brain size, we suggest that the animal personality framework may offer a valuable approach for diagnosing fish welfare issues through the partitioning of behavioural variance. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Funder Information Declared Rannis, 195615-051 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. [Donate to openRxiv ](https://www.zeffy.com/en-US/donation-form/donate-to-make-a-difference-10981) [ Back to top](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1?rss=1#page) [ Previous](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747057v1 "Increased activity in the somatosensory and insular cortex during the transition from acute to chronic neuropathic pain") Posted August 28, 2026. [ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.747029.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) The role of animal personality in behavioural welfare diagnostics: a case study in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Joris Philip, Gabrielle Laduree, Audrey Prat, Marion Dellinger, Sabine Lobligeois, David Benhaim bioRxiv 2026.08.25.747029; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747029 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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