---
title: "Axis deer invasion alters space and time use of two native deer species in Uruguay"
id: "biorxiv-4-living-with-the-invader-two-native-deer-two-outcomes-along-a-gradient-of-axis"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-4-living-with-the-invader-two-native-deer-two-outcomes-along-a-gradient-of-axis"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Axis deer invasion alters space and time use of two native deer species in Uruguay
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-4-living-with-the-invader-two-native-deer-two-outcomes-along-a-gradient-of-axis
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Study used eight years (2018–2026) of camera-trap data (103 stations; 154,590 camera-nights) across Uruguay to assess effects of the invasive **axis deer (Axis axis)** on two native cervids. - Focal native species were the forest-associated **brown brocket (Subulo gouazoubira)** and the grassland-restricted **pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)**. - Analyses included activity-overlap, directional-avoidance, hierarchical activity, and two-species occupancy approaches to evaluate spatial and temporal interactions. - Results showed divergent outcomes for the two native species: axis deer and brown brocket co-occurred in forest but segregated by understory stratum and shifted diel activity by context; understory cover declined with higher axis deer abundance, indicating possible **habitat modification**. - Axis deer and pampas deer showed intrinsic segregation driven by opposite habitat preferences and contrasting diel niches; there was no detectable shift in pampas deer behavior attributable to the invader. - Behavioral adjustments were asymmetric: the invader appeared to exhibit the detectable behavioral signal in some contexts, rather than the native species, though shared-site data were limited. - Authors interpret observed shifts as provisional coexistence and early warning signals because **Axis axis** is still expanding and communities are likely far from equilibrium. - The work is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed; funders and competing interest statements are reported in the source.
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Alexandra Cravino Mol 1 Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Alexandra%2BCravino%2BMol%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cravino%20Mol%20A&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AAlexandra%2BCravino%2BMol%2B) * [ORCID record for Alexandra Cravino Mol](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-4655 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: alecravino@gmail.com Santiago Mirazo 1 Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Santiago%2BMirazo%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mirazo%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ASantiago%2BMirazo%2B) * [ORCID record for Santiago Mirazo](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-5268 "Open in new tab") Alejandro Brazeiro 1 Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Alejandro%2BBrazeiro%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Brazeiro%20A&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AAlejandro%2BBrazeiro%2B) * [ORCID record for Alejandro Brazeiro](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-9900 "Open in new tab") Juan Andres Martinez Lanfranco 2 University of Alberta, Canada * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Juan%2BAndres%2BMartinez%2BLanfranco%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Martinez%20Lanfranco%20JA&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJuan%2BAndres%2BMartinez%2BLanfranco%2B) * [ORCID record for Juan Andres Martinez Lanfranco](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-1168 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5802741/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5802741/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5802741/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5802741/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5802741/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Exotic species can reshape native communities, in the extreme, to local extirpation. Before that, natives may adjust where and when they use the landscape, in ways that allow coexistence and may be the earliest sign of trouble. Distinguishing coexistence built on such adjustment from one built on pre-existing niche differences requires comparing a native where the invader is absent with the same native where it is present, across sites at different invasion stages. Using eight years (2018-2026) of camera-trap data from 103 stations across Uruguay (154,590 camera-nights), we asked how the invasive axis deer (_Axis axis_) affects the space and time use of two native cervids: the forest-dwelling brown brocket (_Subulo gouazoubira_) and the grassland-restricted pampas deer (_Ozotoceros bezoarticus_). Activity-overlap, directional-avoidance, hierarchical activity, and two-species occupancy analyses showed sharply divergent dyads. _A. axis_ and _S. gouazoubira_ shared forest yet segregated in space and along the understory stratum the brocket requires and the invader avoids, and shifted their diel activity by context; understory cover fell with _A. axis_ abundance, consistent with habitat modification. For _A. axis_ and _O. bezoarticus_ , segregation was intrinsic, opposite diel niches and habitats, with no support for a detectable shift in pampas deer behavior. The only behavioral signal was asymmetric: the invader, rather than the native, appeared to adjust, though few shared sites warrant caution. The same invader thus drives different mechanisms, but coexistence is provisional: _A. axis_ is still expanding, far from equilibrium, so these shifts read best as early warning signals. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Funder Information Declared Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, https://ror.org/03egaj678, POS_NAC_2015_1_109965, POS_NAC_2018_1_151799 Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, https://ror.org/00ysy1705, FVF_2023_485 Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas, https://ror.org/00jkr8r49, Postdoctoral contract Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica, INI_2019_219 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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[ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.21.753347.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [Supplementary Material ](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347v1.supplementary-material) [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) Living with the invader: two native deer, two outcomes along a gradient of axis deer invasion Alexandra Cravino Mol, Santiago Mirazo, Alejandro Brazeiro, Juan Andres Martinez Lanfranco bioRxiv 2026.09.21.753347; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.21.753347 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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