---
title: "Chromosome 4 locus strongly influences circadian feeding rhythmicity in pigs"
id: "biorxiv-0-a-large-effect-locus-on-chromosome-4-underlies-circadian-feeding-rhythmicity-in"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-0-a-large-effect-locus-on-chromosome-4-underlies-circadian-feeding-rhythmicity-in"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-04T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Chromosome 4 locus strongly influences circadian feeding rhythmicity in pigs
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-0-a-large-effect-locus-on-chromosome-4-underlies-circadian-feeding-rhythmicity-in
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-04T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study quantified hourly feed intake from automated feeders across 18,651 pigs (3,470 Swiss Landrace, 15,181 Swiss Large White) using roughly **40.5 million** records to characterize daily feeding patterns. - Researchers measured the proportion of days per animal that exhibited a significant feeding rhythm using wavelet analysis to define **circadian feeding rhythmicity** as a trait. - Circadian feeding rhythmicity varied with sex and age: **females** and **older** pigs showed higher rhythmicity. - Variance component analysis indicated a strong additive genetic contribution with high **heritability** estimates between **0.53 and 0.57**. - Animals with higher rhythmicity consumed less at night, had better feed conversion ratio, and showed lower day-to-day feed intake variability, linking rhythmicity to improved feed efficiency and resilience. - Genome-wide association analyses using 15.7 and 23.1 million imputed sequence variants identified a **QTL on chromosome 4** that explained **5.3%** of phenotypic variance in Swiss Landrace and **2.9%** in Swiss Large White pigs. - The chromosome 4 QTL overlaps the genes **OPRK1** and **NPBWR1**, both implicated in feeding regulation, reward, and energy homeostasis. - The findings position circadian feeding behavior as a heritable, measurable trait in pigs and suggest potential utility in breeding programs to improve feed efficiency and resilience. - The article is a bioRxiv preprint and has not been peer reviewed; SUISAG provided most data and one author is employed there but declared no competing interests related to the manuscript.
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Wim Gorssen 1 ETH Zurich; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Wim%2BGorssen%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gorssen%20W&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AWim%2BGorssen%2B) * [ORCID record for Wim Gorssen](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-0746 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: wim.gorssen@usys.ethz.ch Naveen Kadri 2 ETH, Zurich; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Naveen%2BKadri%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kadri%20N&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ANaveen%2BKadri%2B) * [ORCID record for Naveen Kadri](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-3896 "Open in new tab") Xena Marie Mapel 3 EAWAG; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Xena%2BMarie%2BMapel%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mapel%20XM&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AXena%2BMarie%2BMapel%2B) * [ORCID record for Xena Marie Mapel](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-578X "Open in new tab") Alexander S Leonard 1 ETH Zurich; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Alexander%2BS%2BLeonard%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Leonard%20AS&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AAlexander%2BS%2BLeonard%2B) * [ORCID record for Alexander S Leonard](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-5630 "Open in new tab") Qiongyu He 1 ETH Zurich; 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* [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Hubert%2BPausch%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pausch%20H&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AHubert%2BPausch%2B) * [ORCID record for Hubert Pausch](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0501-6760 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5757358/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5757358/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5757358/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5757358/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5757358/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Circadian feeding rhythmicity reflects the distribution of feed intake across the daily 24-hour cycle. Regular feeding-fasting cycles play an important role in regulating metabolism and maintaining health, but endogenous and environmental factors can disrupt the normal circadian pattern of feed intake. Here, we quantified hourly feed intake in 3,470 Swiss Landrace and 15,181 Swiss Large White pigs using 40.5 million records from automated feeding systems. We used the proportion of days exhibiting a significant feeding rhythm after wavelet analysis to investigate variation in circadian feeding organization. Circadian feeding rhythmicity was influenced by sex and age, with higher rhythmicity observed in females and older animals. Variance components analysis revealed a strong additive genetic contribution and a high heritability (0.53-0.57). Pigs with higher circadian feeding rhythmicity had reduced nocturnal intake, improved feed conversion ratio, and lower day-to-day variability in feed intake, suggesting improved feed efficiency and resilience. Genome-wide association testing of 15.7 and 23.1 million imputed sequence variants identified a QTL on chromosome 4 explaining 5.3% and 2.9% of the phenotypic variance of circadian feeding rhythmicity in Swiss Landrace and Swiss Large White pigs, respectively. The QTL overlaps OPRK1 and NPBWR1, two genes implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior, reward and energy homeostasis. Collectively, our findings establish circadian feeding behavior as a heritable trait in pigs and provide a basis to further investigate the genetic regulation of feeding rhythms in mammals and explore its use in animal breeding programs to improve feed efficiency and resilience. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors declare that the results of this study are presented in full and without omission. SUISAG, a pig breeding company, provided most of the data used in this research. NK is an employee of SUISAG, but declares no competing interests related to the content of this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## Funder Information Declared Swiss National Science Foundation, https://ror.org/00yjd3n13, 234026 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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[ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/04/2026.09.01.748529.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [Supplementary Material ](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529v1.supplementary-material) [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) A large-effect locus on chromosome 4 underlies circadian feeding rhythmicity in pigs Wim Gorssen, Naveen Kadri, Xena Marie Mapel, Alexander S Leonard, Qiongyu He, Carmen Winters, Negar Khayatzadeh, Claudia Kasper, Hubert Pausch bioRxiv 2026.09.01.748529; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.01.748529 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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