---
title: "Environmental gradients, not urbanisation, drive geographic variation in great tit feather microst"
id: "biorxiv-5-broad-scale-environmental-conditions-not-urbanisation-explain-geographic"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-5-broad-scale-environmental-conditions-not-urbanisation-explain-geographic"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Environmental gradients, not urbanisation, drive geographic variation in great tit feather microst
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-5-broad-scale-environmental-conditions-not-urbanisation-explain-geographic
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Study measured **feather microstructure** (feather barbule density) in great tits (Parus major) from five paired urban–rural populations across Europe. - Feather microstructure influences thermoregulation, solar protection and waterproofing and is known to respond to environmental variation. - Authors tested associations between barbule density and **urbanisation**, local temperature and elevation across study areas. - No significant effect of **urbanisation** on barbule density was detected. - Temperature was not significantly related to feather microstructure in the sampled populations. - Significant differences in barbule density occurred among the five geographic study areas, indicating broad-scale spatial variation. - Barbule density showed a positive association with **elevation** and with ultraviolet B (**UV-B**) radiation across the sampled locations. - Results suggest a potential adaptive response of feather microstructure to variation in solar radiation rather than to urban-related environmental change. - The work is presented as a preprint and has not been peer reviewed; competing interests were declared absent by the authors. - Detailed methods, statistical values and sample sizes are reported in the original preprint; any specifics not stated in the abstract were not reported in the source excerpt provided here.
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David Lopez-Idiaquez 1 University of Oxford; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=David%2BLopez-Idiaquez%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lopez-Idiaquez%20D&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ADavid%2BLopez-Idiaquez%2B) * [ORCID record for David Lopez-Idiaquez](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-4852 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: david.lopez-idiaquez@biology.ox.ac.uk Hannah Watson 2 Lund University; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Hannah%2BWatson%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Watson%20H&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AHannah%2BWatson%2B) * [ORCID record for Hannah Watson](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-0647 "Open in new tab") Javier Perez-Tris 3 Universidad Complutense de Madrid; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Javier%2BPerez-Tris%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Perez-Tris%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJavier%2BPerez-Tris%2B) * [ORCID record for Javier Perez-Tris](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5535-3100 "Open in new tab") Caroline Isaksson 2 Lund University; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Caroline%2BIsaksson%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Isaksson%20C&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ACaroline%2BIsaksson%2B) * [ORCID record for Caroline Isaksson](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-1386 "Open in new tab") Pablo Salmon 4 Institute for Avian Research * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Pablo%2BSalmon%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Salmon%20P&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3APablo%2BSalmon%2B) * [ORCID record for Pablo Salmon](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-6611 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5802826/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5802826/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5802826/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5802826/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5802826/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Urbanisation imposes novel environmental conditions that can shape phenotypic traits including plumage, yet, its effects on characteristics beyond colouration remain poorly understood. Feather microstructure plays an important role in thermoregulation, protection from solar radiation and waterproofing, and its expression is sensitive to environmental conditions. Here, we quantified feather barbule density, a key component of feather microstructure, in great tits (Parus major) from five urban-rural paired populations across Europe to assess its association with urbanisation, temperature and elevation. We found no significant effects of the urban environment or temperature. However, feather microstructure significantly varied between the studied areas and was positively associated with elevation and ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation, suggesting a potential adaptive response to variation in solar radiation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. [Donate to openRxiv ](https://www.zeffy.com/en-US/donation-form/donate-to-make-a-difference-10981) [ Back to top](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1?rss=1#page) [ Previous](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.17.752258v2 "miRstring: An RNA language model enables mature miRNA decoding and artificial small RNA design across species") Posted September 23, 2026. [ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.21.753101.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [Supplementary Material ](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101v1.supplementary-material) [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) Broad scale environmental conditions, not urbanisation, explain geographic variation in great tit feather microstructure David Lopez-Idiaquez, Hannah Watson, Javier Perez-Tris, Caroline Isaksson, Pablo Salmon bioRxiv 2026.09.21.753101; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.21.753101 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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