---
title: "Low-cost LRID device for identifying acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water using conductivity"
id: "plos-one-5-lighthouse-shaped-rapid-identification-device-for-acidic-electrolyzed-oxidizing"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-5-lighthouse-shaped-rapid-identification-device-for-acidic-electrolyzed-oxidizing"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "PLOS ONE (Medicine)"
source_url: "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672"
published_at: "2026-09-03T14:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Low-cost LRID device for identifying acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water using conductivity
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-5-lighthouse-shaped-rapid-identification-device-for-acidic-electrolyzed-oxidizing
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** PLOS ONE (Medicine)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-03T14:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Problem: In central sterile supply departments (CSSDs), **acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW)** can be mistakenly replaced by tap water or purified water during manual cleaning, risking ineffective disinfection and amplified infection hazards. Standard visual and olfactory checks are unreliable because all three liquids are colorless and AEOW odor is faint. - Detection gap: SOPs require pH and available chlorine content (ACC) testing before use, but common chemical test strips are subjective and generate waste; electronic instruments improve accuracy but cost more and require calibration. - Rationale: AEOW has substantially higher **electrical conductivity (EC)** than purified water (≤15 μS/cm) and typical tap water (~200–400 μS/cm) because it contains abundant ions from electrolysis (Na+, Cl-, H+, ClO-). Literature and field tests indicate AEOW EC commonly exceeds 1000 μS/cm. - Device: The study developed a lighthouse-shaped rapid identification device (LRID) centered on an Arduino Nano-compatible microcontroller, integrating an EC sensor (dual-probe), wireless charging, LED indicators, waterproof pushbutton, and a 3D-printed enclosure. - Key hardware: 3000 mAh 18650 battery, wireless charging coil (5 W max), integrated PCB with boost converter and LED drive, EC signal adapter converting conductivity to 0–2.3 V analog signal; probe effective length 5 mm; probe mounted ~2 cm above base to ensure submersion with AEOW liquid level ≥5 cm. - Decision logic: ADC threshold set to 150. ADC readings for diluted AEOW at 1000 μS/cm were 207–212 across prototypes; tap water samples (278 and 288 μS/cm) yielded ADC 55–59; purified water produced far lower ADCs. When ADC >150 the green LED indicates AEOW; ADC ≤150 keeps the red LED lit. - Performance: LRID achieved 100% identification accuracy (90/90) across samples from 10 hospitals. Average battery life was 83.75 ± 1.27 hours, supporting weekly charging. Devices functioned normally after continuous immersion in AEOW for 30 days, confirming waterproof reliability. - Usability: In a comparison with pH test strips among 28 CSSD technicians, LRID scored significantly higher for identification accuracy, ease of operation, and promotability (P < 0.001). - Cost and deployment: The LRID costs approximately 20 USD to produce. Thresholds can be customized in software to accommodate local tap-water EC, AEOW generator differences, and module variability; LRID lacks temperature-compensation but CSSD indoor temperature range (typically 16–24 °C) provides a safety margin for the selected threshold. - Limitations noted: No temperature compensation in EC module (EC falls ~2% per 1 °C), EC ranges vary by city and generator, and optimal threshold may require on-site calibration. The report did not detail long-term field rollout data beyond the tests described.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
[ Skip to main content ](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#main-content) Advertisement * [plos.org](https://plos.org/) * [Create account](https://community.plos.org/registration/new) * [Sign in](https://journals.plos.org/user/secure/login?page=%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0357672) * * About * Browse * Publish * [](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ "PLOS One") * Search [advanced search](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/search) * [Browse Topics](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/subjectAreaBrowse) Browse Subject Areas ? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click [here](https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus/blob/master/README.md "Link opens in new window"). [](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) [](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * 0 [Save](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#savedHeader) [Total Mendeley and Citeulike bookmarks.](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#savedHeader) * 0 [Citation](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#citedHeader) [Paper's citation count computed by Dimensions.](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#citedHeader) * 24 [View](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#viewedHeader) [PLOS views and downloads.](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#viewedHeader) * 0 [Share](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#discussedHeader) [Sum of Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and Wikipedia activity.](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#discussedHeader) Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article # Lighthouse-shaped rapid identification device for acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water: A low-cost detection method based on conductivity differences * Yuan Mao, Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation Central Sterile Supply Department, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, China ⨯ * Wei Zheng, Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation Central Sterile Supply Department, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital &Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China ⨯ * Qian Chen Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization * E-mail: chenqian@scszlyy.org.cn Affiliation Central Sterile Supply Department, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital &Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China [ ![ORCID logo](https://journals.plos.org/resource/img/orcid_16x16.png) https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1066-9660 ](https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1066-9660 "ORCID Registry") ⨯ # Lighthouse-shaped rapid identification device for acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water: A low-cost detection method based on conductivity differences * Yuan Mao, * Wei Zheng, * Qian Chen ![PLOS](https://journals.plos.org/resource/img/logo-plos-full-color.svg) x * Published: September 3, 2026 * * [Article](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Authors](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Metrics](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Comments](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Media Coverage](http://plos.altmetric.com/details/doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Abstract](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#abstract0) * [Introduction](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec005) * [Materials and methods](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec006) * [Results](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec010) * [Discussion](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec016) * [Conclusion](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec018) * [Supporting information](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec019) * [Acknowledgments](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#ack) * [References](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#references) * [Reader Comments](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) * [Figures](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672) ## Abstract ### Objective To address the safety risk of mistaking tap water or purified water for acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW) during manual cleaning in central sterile supply departments (CSSDs), this study aimed to develop a low-cost, rapid identification device based on electrical conductivity differences to ensure the accuracy and safety of the disinfection process. ### Methods A lighthouse-shaped rapid identification device (LRID) was fabricated based on the significantly higher electrical conductivity of AEOW compared with tap water and purified water. Centered on an Arduino Nano microcontroller, the device integrates a conductivity sensor, a wireless charging module, and an LED indication system. It achieves automatic discrimination by detecting liquid electrical conductivity: the green LED remains illuminated for AEOW, while the red LED lights up for tap water or purified water. Identification accuracy, battery life, and waterproof performance were evaluated, and the satisfaction of CSSD technicians with the conventional pH test strip method and the LRID was compared. ### Results The LRID achieved 100% identification accuracy (90/90) for AEOW, tap water, and purified water collected from the CSSDs of 10 hospitals. The average battery life was 83.75 ± 1.27 h, supporting a weekly charging schedule. All devices functioned normally after continuous immersion in AEOW for 30 days, confirming reliable waterproof performance. Scores from 28 CSSD technicians showed that the LRID was significantly superior to the pH test strip method in identification accuracy, ease of operation, and promotability (P < 0.001). ### Conclusion This study successfully developed and validated a low-cost (approximately 20 USD), highly reliable, and easy-to-operate AEOW rapid identification device. The LRID effectively prevents disinfection failures caused by liquid misuse in CSSDs and holds significant potential for its application and promotion. ## Figures ![Table 3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.t003) ![Fig 1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g001) ![Fig 2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g002) ![Fig 3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g003) ![Fig 4](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g004) ![Table 1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.t001) ![Table 2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.t002) ![Table 3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.t003) ![Fig 1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g001) ![Fig 2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g002) ![Fig 3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672.g003) **Citation:** Mao Y, Zheng W, Chen Q (2026) Lighthouse-shaped rapid identification device for acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water: A low-cost detection method based on conductivity differences. PLoS One 21(9): e0357672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357672 **Editor:** Karthik Kannan, National Chung Cheng University College of Engineering, TAIWAN **Received:** April 27, 2026; **Accepted:** August 19, 2026; **Published:** September 3, 2026 **Copyright:** © 2026 Mao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the [Creative Commons Attribution License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. **Data Availability:** All relevant data are within the paper and its [Supporting Information](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#sec019) files. **Funding:** The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. **Competing interests:** The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ## Introduction Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) is an acidic aqueous solution generated by the electrolysis of sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid solutions, with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the primary disinfecting component [[1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref001),[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref002)]. Based on pH levels, AEW is categorized into strongly acidic electrolyzed water (pH < 2.7, available chlorine content (ACC) 20–60 mg/L) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (pH 5.0–6.5, ACC 10–80 mg/L) [[1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref001),[3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref003)–[5](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref005)]. Notably, in China, strongly acidic electrolyzed water is referred to as acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW), which has slightly different key specifications (pH 2–3, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) ≥ 1100 mV, ACC 50–70 mg/L) [[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref002),[6](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref006)]. Characterized by low pH, high ORP, and the presence of chlorine-containing compounds (primarily HOCl), AEW achieves high-level disinfection efficacy through the synergistic effect of these three factors [[5](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref005),[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref007),[8](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref008)]. HOCl can penetrate microbial cell membranes, oxidize key metabolic systems by generating hydroxyl radicals, damage cell membranes, induce amino acid decarboxylation, react with nucleic acids, and inactivate key enzymes. High ORP alters cellular electron flow, impairs cell membranes, oxidizes sulfhydryl compounds on the cell surface, and disrupts cellular metabolic processes. Low pH not only inhibits bacterial growth but also sensitizes the bacterial outer membrane, rendering it more susceptible to HOCl penetration [[5](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref005),[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref007),[9](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref009)–[11](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref011)]. AEW exhibits excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; with a contact time of only 0.5 minutes, it achieves a log reduction value greater than 5 against various pathogenic bacteria, including _Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,_ and _Vibrio vulnificus_ [[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref007),[12](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref012)–[18](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref018)]. AEW also demonstrates high safety: no toxic reactions were observed in high-dose acute oral administration animal experiments, mutagenicity tests were negative, and local exposure caused no skin, ocular irritation, or mucosal damage. As an environmentally friendly disinfectant, its available chlorine degrades rapidly, it has extremely low toxicity to aquatic organisms, and it ultimately decomposes into water and harmless salts without causing secondary pollution [[9](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref009),[19](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref019)–[21](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref021)]. The use of electrolyzed water for hand hygiene and drinking water treatment was first reported in the 1960s [[22](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref022)–[24](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref024)]. Starting from the 1980s, research and application of AEW developed rapidly in Japan. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved strongly acidic electrolyzed water for hand and endoscope disinfection in the medical field in 1996 and 1997, respectively, and authorized both strongly acidic and slightly acidic electrolyzed water as food additives in 2002; in the same year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized AEW as a high-level water disinfectant [[1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref001),[8](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref008)]. China introduced AEW preparation technology in 1995, and 6 years later, the competent health authority issued a national standard for AEW production equipment, which was updated in 2020 to specify the definition, classification, physical properties, application scenarios, and usage methods of AEW [[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref002),[25](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref025)]. Owing to its advantages of excellent disinfection efficacy, high safety, and environmental friendliness, AEW is widely applied in agricultural planting, livestock and poultry breeding, food processing, medical and health care fields [[1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref001),[5](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref005),[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref007),[9](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref009),[10](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref010),[26](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref026),[27](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref027)]. In the healthcare sector, the main applications of AEW include the disinfection of flexible endoscopes, hygienic hands, skin, mucous membranes, water lines of dental units, and pre-sterilization medical devices [[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref002)]. The central sterile supply department (CSSD) is responsible for the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of reusable medical devices; in the disinfection process, AEOW is one of the primary methods alongside moist heat disinfection [[6](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref006),[28](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref028)–[31](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref031)]. The most common manual cleaning equipment in CSSDs is the manual cleaning station, which consists of multiple serially connected water tanks with distinct functions, undertaking separate processes such as pre-washing, washing, disinfection, and rinsing. The liquids required include tap water (for pre-washing and washing solution preparation), AEOW (for disinfection), and purified water (for rinsing) [[30](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref030)]. Due to space constraints in some CSSDs, taps for AEOW and either purified water or tap water are installed in the same tank, which may lead to misoperation—turning on purified water or tap water taps when AEOW is required for disinfection—thus failing to achieve the expected disinfection effect. Another common misoperation scenario involves CSSD technicians using movable small containers (e.g., plastic storage boxes, buckets) to hold AEOW for immersion disinfection of specific areas or medical devices. These containers need to be filled with AEOW at AEOW taps, but during operation, technicians may mistakenly dispense purified water or tap water, resulting in non-AEOW liquid in the containers and subsequent failure of medical device disinfection. Since AEOW, tap water, and purified water are all colorless and transparent liquids indistinguishable by the naked eye, and AEOW has only a faint chlorine odor that cannot be detected by technicians wearing face masks, these 2 types of misoperations are difficult to identify promptly after occurrence ([Fig 1](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone-0357672-g001)) [[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref002),[3](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357672#pone.0357672.ref003)]. Most importantly, AEOW solution is not replaced after single use but is used continuously in tanks for several hours; errors in the initial preparation of AEOW would invalidate all disinfection operations during this period, significantly amplifying the risk of infection. To mitigate these risks, operational standard operating procedures (SOPs) explicitly require testing the pH value and ACC of water at AEOW taps before each use to confirm that the liquid is qualified AEOW [[2](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/jo
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