---
title: "Wireless Fetal Monitoring in Labor: Effects on Maternal Comfort, Pain, and Birth Satisfaction"
id: "pubmed-42670700"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42670700"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "General"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670700/"
doi: "10.1111/jog.70466"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Wireless Fetal Monitoring in Labor: Effects on Maternal Comfort, Pain, and Birth Satisfaction
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42670700
- **Specialty:** [General](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/general.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670700/)
- **DOI:** [10.1111/jog.70466](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjog.70466)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Background: Traditional wired electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) can limit maternal mobility during labor and may negatively affect pain coping, comfort, and birth satisfaction. The trial compared **wireless EFM** with conventional wired EFM to assess these outcomes. - Study design: Randomized controlled trial published in J Obstet Gynaecol Res (2026). The final analytic sample included 88 women randomized 1:1 (44 experimental with wireless EFM, 44 control with wired EFM). - Setting and affiliations: Authors from Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University and Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Türkiye. Funding noted from Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi (grant SBF-2021-084). - Measurement tools and timing: Maternal comfort assessed with the Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ) and pain with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during the active phase of labor at 8–10 cm cervical dilatation. Birth satisfaction was measured using the Birth Satisfaction Scale–Revised (BSS-R) completed 1 hour postpartum. - Primary outcomes reported: Labor duration, fetal monitoring classification (reactive versus nonreactive EFM findings), CCQ scores, VAS pain scores, and BSS-R scores. - Key results: The wireless EFM group had a shorter labor duration and a higher frequency of **reactive EFM** findings. Mean CCQ and BSS-R scores were higher in the wireless group; mean VAS scores were lower. - Statistical significance: Between-group differences reached statistical significance for VAS (lower pain) and BSS-R (higher satisfaction) in the wireless EFM group. The difference in CCQ (comfort) did not achieve statistical significance. - Interpretation: Authors conclude that monitoring with wireless EFM was associated with lower perceived **labor pain**, greater **birth satisfaction**, shorter labor, and more frequent reactive fetal monitoring findings, suggesting wireless EFM may improve childbirth experience while maintaining effective fetal monitoring. - Limitations and unreported details: The abstract does not report exact p values, effect sizes, confidence intervals, detailed labor duration metrics, or safety/adverse event data. Full-text details were not provided in the source abstract.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Midwifery Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye. * 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye. * PMID: **42670700** * DOI: [ 10.1111/jog.70466 ](https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.70466) Item in Clipboard Randomized Controlled Trial # The Effect of the Wireless Fetal Monitoring Used During Birth on the Women's Comfort, Labor Pain, and Birth Satisfaction Demet Çakır et al. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2026 Sep. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID J Obstet Gynaecol Res Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Obstet+Gynaecol+Res%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Obstet+Gynaecol+Res%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670700/) . 2026 Sep;52(9):e70466. doi: 10.1111/jog.70466. ### Authors [Demet Çakır](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%C3%87ak%C4%B1r+D&cauthor_id=42670700)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670700/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Sciences, Midwifery Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye."), [Gülseren Dağlar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Da%C4%9Flar+G&cauthor_id=42670700)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670700/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye.") ### Affiliations * 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Midwifery Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye. * 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye. * PMID: **42670700** * DOI: [ 10.1111/jog.70466 ](https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.70466) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Wired electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) restricts maternal mobility during labor and may negatively affect pain coping, comfort, birth satisfaction. Although both wired and wireless systems are available, wired EFM remains the standard method in many countries, including Türkiye. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of wireless EFM on maternal comfort, labor pain, birth satisfaction. **Materials and methods:** The final sample comprised 88 women, with 44 participants in the experimental group and 44 in the control group. Data were collected using the personal information form, childbirth comfort questionnaire (CCQ), visual analog scale (VAS), and birth satisfaction scale-revised (BSS-R). Women in the experimental group were monitored using wireless EFM, whereas those in the control group received conventional wired EFM. The VAS and CCQ were administered during the active phase of labor (8-10 cm cervical dilatation), and the BSS-R was completed 1 h postpartum. **Results:** Labor duration was shorter, reactive EFM findings were more frequent in the experimental group. Mean CCQ and BSS-R scores were higher, whereas mean VAS scores were lower in the experimental group. Significant between-group differences were observed for VAS and BSS-R scores, whereas the difference in CCQ scores was not statistically significant. **Conclusion:** Women monitored with wireless EFM experienced lower perceived labor pain and higher birth satisfaction than those receiving conventional wired EFM. Wireless EFM was also associated with shorter labor duration and a higher rate of reactive EFM findings. These findings suggest that wireless EFM may improve women's childbirth experience while maintaining effective fetal monitoring. **Keywords:** birth; childbirth satisfaction; comfort; pain; wireless fetal monitoring. © 2026 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ The effect of birth ball exercise on labor pain, delivery duration, birth comfort, and birth satisfaction: a randomized controlled study. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37405439/) Aslantaş BN, Çankaya S.Aslantaş BN, et al.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024 Jun;309(6):2459-2474. doi: 10.1007/s00404-023-07115-4. Epub 2023 Jul 5.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024.PMID: 37405439Clinical Trial. * [ Effects of labor support on pregnant women's childbirth comfort, satisfaction and postpartum comfort levels: a randomized controlled trial. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40707892/) Balcik Colak M, Akin B, Kalkan SC, Uslu Yuvaci H.Balcik Colak M, et al.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025 Jul 24;25(1):789. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-07904-6.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025.PMID: 40707892Free PMC article.Clinical Trial. * [ The Effect of Ice Massage Applied to the SP6 Point on Labor Pain, Labor Comfort, Labor Duration, and Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38223923/) Türkmen H, Çetinkaya S, Kiliç H, Tuna SD, Şirvanci M, Mutlu H.Türkmen H, et al.J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jul-Aug;69(4):491-498. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13600. Epub 2024 Jan 15.J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024.PMID: 38223923Clinical Trial. * [ Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29589650/) Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Armour M, Dahlen HG, Suganuma M.Smith CA, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 28;3(3):CD009514. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009514.pub2.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018.PMID: 29589650Free PMC article. * [ Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27192949/) Madden K, Middleton P, Cyna AM, Matthewson M, Jones L.Madden K, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 19;2016(5):CD009356. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009356.pub3.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016.PMID: 27192949Free PMC article. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42670700) ## References 1. 1. A. A. Boatin, B. Wylie, I. Goldfarb, et al., “Wireless Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring in Inpatient Full‐Term Pregnant Women: Testing Functionality and Acceptability,” PLoS One 10 (2015): e0117043. 2. 1. R. J. Knupp, W. W. Andrews, and A. T. N. Tita, “The Future of Electronic Fetal Monitoring,” Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 67 (2020): 44–52. 3. 1. J. F. M. Van Den Heuvel, C. J. Teunis, A. Franx, N. M. T. H. Crombag, and M. N. Bekker, “Home‐Based Telemonitoring Versus Hospital Admission in High Risk Pregnancies: A Qualitative Study on Women's Experiences,” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. 4. 1. C. A. Menihan and E. Kopel, Electronic Fetal Monitoring: Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed., Chapter 2 (Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, 2008). 5. 1. M. Monson, C. Heuser, B. Einerson, et al., “Evaluation of an External Fetal Electrocardiogram Monitoring System: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 223, no. 2 (2020): 244.e1–244.e12. 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