---
title: "Antibacterial activity and safety of Cassia senna leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and"
id: "pubmed-42839206"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42839206"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/"
doi: "10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9"
published_at: "2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Antibacterial activity and safety of Cassia senna leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42839206
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12223-026-01609-9)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Rising antimicrobial resistance in clinically important bacteria motivated evaluation of **Cassia senna** leaves as a potential source of antibacterial agents. - Researchers prepared n-hexane, methanolic, and aqueous leaf extracts and tested them against clinical isolates of **Staphylococcus aureus** and **Escherichia coli** using agar well diffusion, disc diffusion, and broth microdilution assays with gentamicin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol as comparators. - The S. aureus isolate was sensitive to all three reference antibiotics; the E. coli isolate was resistant to them. - The **methanolic extract** showed superior antibacterial activity compared with the aqueous extract, producing larger inhibition zones and lower minimum inhibitory concentrations; the n-hexane extract showed no antibacterial activity. - Extract activity was greater against the Gram-positive S. aureus than against Gram-negative E. coli. - TLC coupled with bioautography identified at least four compounds in the methanolic extract that contributed to antibacterial activity. - Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract detected **flavonoids** and **tannins**, and reported absence of phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. - A 30-day repeated-dose (sub-chronic) toxicity study in mice used oral methanolic extract at 1000 mg/kg/day and found no mortality or adverse effects: body weight, organ appearance, hematology, biochemical profiles, and histology were comparable to controls. - The authors conclude Cassia senna leaves exhibit considerable **antibacterial** activity, particularly against S. aureus, and appear safe and tolerable in mice at the tested dose and duration, warranting further exploration as a source of antibacterial compounds.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Online ahead of print. # Antibacterial efficacy of Cassia seena sp. leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: a phytochemical and toxicological evaluation [Maryam Kashif](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kashif+M&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-1 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan."), [Qurat-Ul-Ain Ahmad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ahmad+QU&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Zoology, University of Education Township, Lahore, Pakistan."), [Haseeb Hassan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hassan+H&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-3 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. hhassan.mbbs24nshs@student.nust.edu.pk."), [Hira Moin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Moin+H&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-1 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan."), [Arifa Mehreen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mehreen+A&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan."), [Ammara Batool](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Batool+A&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#full-view-affiliation-5 "University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 NUST School of Health Sciences (NSHS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. * 2 Department of Zoology, University of Education Township, Lahore, Pakistan. * 3 NUST School of Health Sciences (NSHS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. hhassan.mbbs24nshs@student.nust.edu.pk. * 4 Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan. * 5 University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan. * PMID: **42839206** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9) Item in Clipboard # Antibacterial efficacy of Cassia seena sp. leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: a phytochemical and toxicological evaluation Maryam Kashif et al. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Folia Microbiol (Praha) Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Folia+Microbiol+%28Praha%29%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Folia+Microbiol+%28Praha%29%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/) . 2026 Oct 7. doi: 10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9. Online ahead of print. ### Authors [Maryam Kashif](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kashif+M&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-1 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan."), [Qurat-Ul-Ain Ahmad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ahmad+QU&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Zoology, University of Education Township, Lahore, Pakistan."), [Haseeb Hassan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hassan+H&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-3 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. hhassan.mbbs24nshs@student.nust.edu.pk."), [Hira Moin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Moin+H&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-1 "NUST School of Health Sciences \(NSHS\), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan."), [Arifa Mehreen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mehreen+A&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan."), [Ammara Batool](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Batool+A&cauthor_id=42839206)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/#short-view-affiliation-5 "University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.") ### Affiliations * 1 NUST School of Health Sciences (NSHS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. * 2 Department of Zoology, University of Education Township, Lahore, Pakistan. * 3 NUST School of Health Sciences (NSHS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. hhassan.mbbs24nshs@student.nust.edu.pk. * 4 Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan. * 5 University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan. * PMID: **42839206** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01609-9) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract The rising antimicrobial resistance of clinically relevant organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, has triggered researchers' attention to natural medicinal plants as an alternative source of antibacterial agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, phytochemical, and toxicological activities of Cassia senna leaf. The n-hexane, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Cassia leaves were assayed for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion, disc diffusion, and broth microdilution assays with gentamicin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. The major bioactive components of the extract were identified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) coupled with bioautography, while phytochemical screening was done on the methanolic extract. Sub-chronic (30-day repeated-dose) toxicity was evaluated in mice that received 1000 mg of the methanolic extract per kg of body weight per day for 30 consecutive days, monitoring the changes in body weight, organ appearance, blood cell count, biochemical profiles, and histology. While the S. aureus isolate was sensitive to all three reference antibiotics, the E. coli isolate was resistant to them. The methanolic extract demonstrated better antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract, as it produced bigger inhibition zones and lower minimum inhibitory concentrations than the aqueous one, while n-hexane extract did not show any antibacterial activity. The activity of Cassia senna leaf extract was higher against S. aureus than Gram-negative E. coli. TLC-bioautography revealed that there were at least four compounds in the methanolic extract that contributed to its antibacterial activity, while phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract showed that it contained flavonoids and tannins, but not phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, or terpenoids. Finally, the 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study revealed that repeated oral administration of 1000 mg/kg/day of Cassia senna leaf extract did not cause any mortality or adverse effect in mice, with the treated animals showing comparable results to the control group in terms of body weight, organ appearance, blood cell count, biochemical profile, and histology. The present study demonstrated that Cassia senna leaves had a considerable antibacterial effect, especially against S. aureus isolate, and were safe and tolerable in mice at a repeated oral dose of 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Therefore, it can be suggested that Cassia leaf extract can be further explored as a promising source of antibacterial compounds. **Keywords:** Cassia senna; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Antibacterial activity; Bioautography; Medicinal plants; Phytochemical screening; Sub-chronic toxicity. © 2026. Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The clinical bacterial isolates used in this study were obtained with permission from the Department of Microbiology, University of Lahore. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, and the study protocol was approved by the relevant institutional ethics/animal care committee [UE/S&T/2019/16]. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. ## References 1. 1. Abalaka M, Olonitola O, Onaolapo J, Inabo H (2011b) Investigation on the bioeffects of ethanol extracts of leaf and stem of Momordica charantia on clinical straing of Escherichia coli and Staphlococcus aureas. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci 2(2). 2. 1. Armstrong GL, Hollingsworth J, Morris JG (1996) Emerging Foodborne Pathogens:Escherichia coil O157:H7 as a Model of Entry of a New Pathogen into the Food Supply of the Developed World. Epidemiol Rev 18(1):29–51. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017914) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8877329/) 3. 1. Ayliffe GaJ (1997b) The Progressive Intercontinental Spread of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 24(Supplement1):S74–S79. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/24.supplement_1.s74) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8994782/) 4. 1. Bettelheim KA, Taylor J (1969b) A STUDY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM CHRONIC URINARY INFECTION. J Med Microbiol 2(3):225–236. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-2-3-225) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4929793/) 5. 1. Bopp CA, Greene KD, Downes FP, Sowers EG, Wells JG, Wachsmuth IK (1987b) Unusual verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis. J Clin Microbiol 25(8):1486–1489. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.8.1486-1489.1987) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3305564/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/269254/) Show all 40 references [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42839206%2F%23open-email-panel) * [Save](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42839206%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42839206%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation Manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839206/) [x] NCBI Literature Resources [MeSH](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) [PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) [Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books) [Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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