---
title: "Bacteriological training improves identification; field AST shows wide variability among Japanese"
id: "pubmed-42927915"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42927915"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/"
doi: "10.1292/jvms.26-0328"
published_at: "2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Bacteriological training improves identification; field AST shows wide variability among Japanese
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42927915
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/)
- **DOI:** [10.1292/jvms.26-0328](https://doi.org/10.1292%2Fjvms.26-0328)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study evaluated bacteriological identification accuracy and field antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) variability among bovine veterinarians affiliated with NOSAI Hokkaido, Japan. - Investigators measured preliminary organism identification accuracy before and immediately after a structured bacteriological training program; accuracy rose from 37% (35/94) pre-training to 91% (86/94) post-training. - Pre-training performance was better among veterinarians who performed bacteriology frequently than among those who did not routinely test; after training, accuracy was high across all testing-frequency groups. - For the AST field assessment, the same Escherichia coli isolate was circulated and disk diffusion inhibition zone diameters were measured by participants using six antimicrobial disks; zone sizes varied substantially across participants. - Discordant susceptible/resistant (S/R) interpretations occurred in more than 50% of participants for two antimicrobial agents, indicating low consistency in categorical AST outcomes in the field setting. - Multivariable generalized estimating equation models identified **smear technique** as significantly associated with discordant S/R interpretations; **agar medium** was not a significant predictor after adjustment. - The study team could not reliably assess the effect of inoculum quantity on discordance because only two participants met the appropriate-inoculum category, limiting analysis of this variable. - Authors concluded that structured practical training yields immediate gains in preliminary organism identification, while field-based AST requires standardization—particularly of smear technique—to improve consistency. - The authors recommended wider adoption of simplified disk diffusion procedures described in the national mastitis guidebook to improve AST consistency in clinical practice.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Online ahead of print. # Educational impact of a bacteriological training program and field assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing among bovine veterinarians in Japan [Misaki Akiyoshi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Akiyoshi+M&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University."), [Akira Fukuda](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fukuda+A&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University."), [Masaru Usui](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Usui+M&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association. * 2 Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University. * PMID: **42927915** * DOI: [ 10.1292/jvms.26-0328 ](https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.26-0328) Item in Clipboard # Educational impact of a bacteriological training program and field assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing among bovine veterinarians in Japan Misaki Akiyoshi et al. J Vet Med Sci. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID J Vet Med Sci Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Vet+Med+Sci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Vet+Med+Sci%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/) . 2026 Oct 26. doi: 10.1292/jvms.26-0328. Online ahead of print. ### Authors [Misaki Akiyoshi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Akiyoshi+M&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University."), [Akira Fukuda](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fukuda+A&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University."), [Masaru Usui](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Usui+M&cauthor_id=42927915)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42927915/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University.") ### Affiliations * 1 Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association. * 2 Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University. * PMID: **42927915** * DOI: [ 10.1292/jvms.26-0328 ](https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.26-0328) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, and appropriate antimicrobial use in food-producing animal medicine requires accurate bacteriological diagnosis. However, the effectiveness of bacteriological training and the reliability of in-house antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in food-animal practice remain unclear. We assessed preliminary organism identification accuracy and the impact of a bacteriological training program among bovine veterinarians affiliated with NOSAI Hokkaido, Japan, and evaluated disk diffusion AST variability using the same Escherichia coli isolate. Preliminary identification accuracy increased from 37% (35/94) before training to 91% (86/94) immediately afterward. Pre-training accuracy was significantly higher among frequent testers than among participants who performed no routine bacteriological testing, whereas post-training accuracy was high across all three testing-frequency groups. In the AST assessment, inhibition zone diameters varied substantially across all six antimicrobial disks, and discordant susceptible/resistant (S/R) interpretations occurred in more than 50% of participants for two agents. Multivariable generalized estimating equation analyses showed that smear technique was significantly associated with discordant S/R interpretations, whereas agar medium was not significantly associated with discordance after adjustment. The association between inoculum quantity and discordance could not be reliably established because only two participants were classified in the appropriate-inoculum category. These findings demonstrate the immediate benefit of structured practical training for improving preliminary organism identification and highlight the need to standardize field-based AST, particularly smear technique. Wider adoption of the simplified disk diffusion procedures described in the national mastitis guidebook may improve AST consistency in clinical practice. **Keywords:** antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial susceptibility testing; bacteriology; food-producing animal; training program; veterinary education. 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