---
title: "Causes of Hospitalization in People Living with HIV in Bogotá (2018–2024): Infectious Disease Patt"
id: "pubmed-42814691"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42814691"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/"
doi: "10.1371/journal.pone.0357788"
published_at: "2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Causes of Hospitalization in People Living with HIV in Bogotá (2018–2024): Infectious Disease Patt
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42814691
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/)
- **DOI:** [10.1371/journal.pone.0357788](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0357788)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This retrospective cohort study analyzed 872 hospitalization episodes among 584 adults with confirmed HIV seen at a tertiary referral center in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2018 to 2024. - Median patient age was 34 years; 89.1% of admitted patients were men. - Although 68.7% had a history of antiretroviral therapy (**ART**) use, 54.8% were admitted with a detectable viral load. - **Non-AIDS-defining** causes accounted for 61.8% of hospitalizations overall and increased from pre-pandemic to post-pandemic periods (55.3% → 63.1% → 70.1%). - Hospitalizations for **mental health disorders** rose over time (4.3% pre-pandemic, 4.6% pandemic, 7.8% post-pandemic). - Among AIDS-defining conditions, **tuberculosis** (15.8%) and **Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia** (14.9%) were the most frequent diagnoses. - Hospitalizations for opportunistic infections had longer median length of stay (14 vs. 6 days) and higher 30-day mortality (8.6% vs. 2.6%) compared with non-AIDS-defining admissions (both p < 0.001). - There was a proportional increase in events attributable to tuberculosis and Kaposi sarcoma within AIDS-defining causes. - Authors interpret findings as an epidemiological transition toward non-AIDS causes similar to high-income settings, while a persistent burden of tuberculosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and late HIV diagnosis points to ongoing gaps in HIV care in this low- and middle-income setting. - The study highlights the need to strengthen early diagnosis, active case finding, tuberculosis prevention, and comprehensive care models to improve retention and outcomes for people living with HIV.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia. * 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. * 3 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. * 4 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America. * 5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America. * PMID: **42814691** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0357788 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357788) Item in Clipboard # Causes of hospitalization among people living with HIV in a tertiary-care hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, 2018-2024 Daniela Lucía Rico-Bolívar et al. PLoS One. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID PLoS One Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) . 2026 Sep 30;21(9):e0357788. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0357788. eCollection 2026. ### Authors [Daniela Lucía Rico-Bolívar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rico-Bol%C3%ADvar+DL&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia."), [Cándida Díaz-Brochero](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=D%C3%ADaz-Brochero+C&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia."), [Rebecca Hattemer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hattemer+R&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-4 "University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America."), [Camila Andrea Bejarano-Mora](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bejarano-Mora+CA&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia."), [Laura Bejarano-Mora](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bejarano-Mora+L&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia."), [Moises A Huaman](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Huaman+MA&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America."), [Sandra Liliana Valderrama-Beltrán](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Valderrama-Beltr%C3%A1n+SL&cauthor_id=42814691)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.") ### Affiliations * 1 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bogotá, Colombia. * 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. * 3 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. * 4 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America. * 5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America. * PMID: **42814691** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0357788 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357788) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract **Background and objective:** Despite expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) continue to experience high hospitalization rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to describe the causes of hospitalization in a cohort of PLWH treated at a high-complexity referral center in Bogotá, Colombia, and to assess variations across the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods of COVID-19. **Methodology:** We conducted a retrospective cohort study including hospitalization episodes among adults with confirmed HIV infection between 2018 and 2024. Clinical characteristics, causes of hospitalization, and outcomes were compared across the epidemiological periods related to the COVID-19 pandemic. **Results:** A total of 872 hospitalization episodes corresponding to 584 patients were analyzed. The median age was 34 years, and 89.1% were men. Although 68.7% of patients had a history of ART use, 54.8% were admitted with detectable viral load. Non-AIDS-defining causes predominated across all periods (61.8%), with a progressive increase from the pre-pandemic to the post-pandemic period (55.3%, 63.1%, and 70.1%, respectively). A sustained increase in hospitalizations due to mental health disorders was observed over time (4.3%, 4.6%, and 7.8%). Among AIDS-defining conditions, tuberculosis (15.8%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (14.9%) were the most frequent. Hospitalizations due to opportunistic infections were associated with longer length of stay (median 14 vs. 6 days; p < 0.001) and higher 30-day mortality (8.6% vs. 2.6%; p < 0.001) compared with non-AIDS-defining hospitalizations, with a proportional increase in events attributable to tuberculosis and Kaposi sarcoma. **Conclusions:** An epidemiological transition towards non-AIDS-defining causes of hospitalization is evident, comparable to patterns observed in high-income countries; however, a substantial burden of tuberculosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and late HIV diagnosis persists, likely reflecting ongoing structural gaps in HIV care. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in hospitalizations related to mental health disorders was observed. Taken together, these findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen early diagnosis, active case finding, and tuberculosis prevention, as well as to enhance the implementation of comprehensive care models that improve retention in care for PLWH in low- and middle-income countries. Copyright: © 2026 Rico-Bolívar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * COVID-19* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * COVID-19* / virology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fvirology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * Colombia / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Colombia%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Colombia) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * HIV Infections* / complications Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fcomplications%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * HIV Infections* / drug therapy Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * HIV Infections* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * Hospitalization* / statistics & numerical data Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hospitalization%2Fstatistics+and+numerical+data%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hospitalization) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814691/) * Male Actions * [ Search
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