---
title: "Cryptosporidium infection in Zambian adults: prevalence, risk factors and molecular subtypes"
id: "pubmed-42478327"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42478327"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/"
doi: "10.1093/trstmh/trag079"
published_at: "2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Cryptosporidium infection in Zambian adults: prevalence, risk factors and molecular subtypes
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42478327
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/trstmh/trag079](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftrstmh%2Ftrag079)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Study evaluated **Cryptosporidium** infection in Zambian adults aged 18–50 using microscopy and molecular typing. - Sample size was 566 stool specimens examined by modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining; positive samples underwent molecular analysis targeting the **60-kDa glycoprotein** and **70-kDa heat shock protein** genes. - Overall prevalence was 3.0% (17/566). - Infection disproportionately affected people living with **HIV**, with the highest prevalence among those not receiving antiretroviral therapy (**ART**) (statistically significant, p=0.001). - Additional factors associated with infection included use of municipal water (p=0.016), moderate monthly income (p=0.01), watery stool and frequent diarrhoea (p=0.001), and haemoglobin <10 g/dl (p=0.001). - Molecular analysis identified both **Cryptosporidium parvum** and **Cryptosporidium hominis**. - All detected C. parvum subtypes were consistent with anthroponotic transmission: IIiA9 (n=4), IIiA6 (n=2), IIeA11G1 (n=1) and IIcA5G3 (n=2). - C. hominis subtypes found were IeA11G3T3 (n=2), IaA26R3 (n=1) and IdA13 (n=1). - Authors conclude that **Cryptosporidium** remains an important issue among people living with **HIV**, and recommend health education efforts to reduce anthroponotic transmission routes. - Keywords reported include 60-kDa glycoprotein; 70-kDa heat shock protein; epidemiology; human immunodeficiency virus; subtypes.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42478327%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42478327%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42478327%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trag079 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#mesh-terms) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#related-links) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles MeSH terms Related information Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) . 2026 Sep 2;120(9):978-987. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag079. # Cryptosporidium infection in Zambian adults: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization [Florence Mwaba](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mwaba+F&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Lucy J Robertson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Robertson+LJ&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway."), [Owen Ngalamika](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ngalamika+O&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-5 "School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Andrew M Phiri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Phiri+AM&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Ngonda Saasa](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Saasa+N&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Joyce Siwila](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Siwila+J&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 2 Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 3 Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. * 4 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway. * 5 School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 6 Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * PMID: **42478327** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag079 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag079) Item in Clipboard # Cryptosporidium infection in Zambian adults: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization Florence Mwaba et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) . 2026 Sep 2;120(9):978-987. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag079. ### Authors [Florence Mwaba](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mwaba+F&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Lucy J Robertson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Robertson+LJ&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway."), [Owen Ngalamika](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ngalamika+O&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-5 "School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Andrew M Phiri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Phiri+AM&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Ngonda Saasa](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Saasa+N&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia."), [Joyce Siwila](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Siwila+J&cauthor_id=42478327)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 2 Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 3 Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. * 4 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway. * 5 School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * 6 Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. * PMID: **42478327** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag079 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag079) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite causing diarrhoea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in adults in Zambia are limited. **Methods:** A total of 566 stool samples from adults (18-50 years) were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts by light microscopy following modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Molecular analysis of positive samples targeted the 60-kDa glycoprotein and heat shock protein 70-kDa genes. Demographic and potential risk factor information was obtained by semi-structured closed questionnaires. **Results:** The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 3.0% (17/566), affecting a higher proportion of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with HIV-negative participants, with a significantly higher prevalence among people living with HIV not using antiretroviral therapy (ART) (p=0.001). Additional associated factors included the use of municipal water (p=0.016), moderate monthly income (p=0.01), watery stool and frequent diarrhoea (p=0.001) and haemoglobin levels <10 g/dl (p=0.001). Both Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis were identified and all C. parvum subtypes were associated with anthroponotic transmission (IIiA9 [n=4], IIiA6 [n=2], IIeA11G1 [n=1] and IIcA5G3 [n=2]). For C. hominis subtypes, IeA11G3T3 (n=2), IaA26R3 (n=1) and IdA13 (n=1) were identified. **Conclusion:** Cryptosporidium infection continues to be a significant issue among individuals living with HIV. Health education focusing on reducing anthroponotic transmission routes should be a priority. **Keywords:** 60-kDa glycoprotein; 70-kDa heat shock protein; epidemiology; human immunodeficiency virus; humans; subtypes. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site-for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from patients with diarrhoea in Lusaka, Zambia. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048665/) Mulunda NR, Hayashida K, Yamagishi J, Sianongo S, Munsaka G, Sugimoto C, Mutengo MM.Mulunda NR, et al.Parasite. 2020;27:53. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2020050. Epub 2020 Oct 13.Parasite. 2020.PMID: 33048665Free PMC article. * [ Cryptosporidiosis is predominantly an urban, anthroponotic infectious disease among Zambian children. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34388242/) Banda B, Siwila J, Mukubesa AN, Chitanga S, Kaonga P, Changula K, Simulundu E, Saasa N, Kelly P.Banda B, et al.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Mar 2;116(3):270-277. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trab121.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022.PMID: 34388242 * [ Distribution and clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24743521/) Adamu H, Petros B, Zhang G, Kassa H, Amer S, Ye J, Feng Y, Xiao L.Adamu H, et al.PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Apr 17;8(4):e2831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002831. eCollection 2014 Apr.PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014.PMID: 24743521Free PMC article. * [ Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321557/) Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman J, Yeung L, Mai C, Finkelstain J, Mehta S, Pons-Duran C, Menéndez C, Moraleda C, Rogers L, Daniels K, Green P.Crider K, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022.Update in: [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Feb 18;2:CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.pub2.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41705996/)PMID: 36321557Free PMC article.Updated. * [ Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Risk Factors of _Cryptosporidium_ spp. in HIV/AIDS Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2017-2025). ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42292065/) Mahdavi F, Mohammadi MR, Heidari S, Norouzi R, Pouryousef A, Karimi K, Mousivand A, Mehboodi M, Asghari A, Nourmohammadi H.Mahdavi F, et al.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2026 Jun 12;2026:2740716. doi: 10.1155/cjid/2740716. eCollection 2026.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2026.PMID: 42292065Free PMC article.Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42478327) ## MeSH terms * Adolescent Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * Cryptosporidiosis* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cryptosporidiosis%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cryptosporidiosis) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * Cryptosporidiosis* / parasitology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cryptosporidiosis%2Fparasitology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cryptosporidiosis) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * Cryptosporidium* / genetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cryptosporidium%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cryptosporidium) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478327/) * Cryptosporidium* / isolation & purification Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cryptosporid
## Related Clinical Research

- [Estimated Size and Distribution of College MSM in Hainan Using the Blued App](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-11-exploration-of-the-population-size-of-men-who-have-sex-with-men-in-hainan.md)
- [HIV DNA and Transcription Patterns in Natural Controllers Before and After ART](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42635429.md) (DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00482-26)
- [Defective HIV-1 Proviral Transcription Drives Interferon Responses in Myeloid Cells](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42573264.md) (DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00552-26)
- [Extragenital HPV Condylomas on the Neck in an Immunocompetent Man: Case Report and Implications](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-9-human-papillomavirus-condylomas-of-extragenital-site-in-immunocompetent-man-new.md)
- [COVID-19 mortality among people with HIV in Florida before and after COVID-19 vaccine availability](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-13-covid-19-mortality-risk-among-people-with-hiv-in-florida-before-and-after-the.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.