---
title: "Early mosquito immune signatures associate with Plasmodium falciparum ookinete burden"
id: "biorxiv-1-early-mosquito-immune-patterns-correlate-with-differential-plasmodium"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-1-early-mosquito-immune-patterns-correlate-with-differential-plasmodium"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-22T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Early mosquito immune signatures associate with Plasmodium falciparum ookinete burden
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-1-early-mosquito-immune-patterns-correlate-with-differential-plasmodium
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-22T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study examined how early **mosquito immune** activation correlates with Plasmodium falciparum ookinete load during the critical 12–36 hours post-infection window. - Individual Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes were fed on infected blood with identical gametocytemia, then stratified into **low** and **high** ookinete load groups based on quantification of four stage-specific transcripts: **ctrp**, **warp**, **soap**, and **cht1**. - Experimental design minimized confounders such as mosquito age, microbiota composition, blood meal variability, and general experimental noise to focus on immune-parasite interactions. - RNA-seq transcriptional profiling of individual midguts revealed distinct transcriptional states associated with early ookinete burden. - Mosquitoes with lower ookinete loads showed stronger upregulation of immune-related genes compared with those carrying higher ookinete burdens, indicating effective early immune activation is associated with reduced parasite establishment. - Genes involved in **L-arginine homeostasis** were significantly modulated between conditions, highlighting a metabolic pathway not extensively studied in mosquito anti-Plasmodium defense. - The study emphasizes the value of quantifying **ookinete-specific transcripts** to dissect early vector–parasite interactions. - Findings derive from a preprint that has not undergone peer review; methodological and interpretive details beyond the abstract were not reported in the source.
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Giulia Bevivino Sapienza University of Rome * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Giulia%2BBevivino%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Bevivino%20G&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AGiulia%2BBevivino%2B) * [ORCID record for Giulia Bevivino](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-3606 "Open in new tab") Maria Greta Dipaola Sapienza University of Rome * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Maria%2BGreta%2BDipaola%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dipaola%20MG&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AMaria%2BGreta%2BDipaola%2B) * [ORCID record for Maria Greta Dipaola](http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7687-8455 "Open in new tab") David Modiano Sapienza University of Rome * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=David%2BModiano%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Modiano%20D&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ADavid%2BModiano%2B) * [ORCID record for David Modiano](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-6007 "Open in new tab") Bruno Arca Sapienza University of Rome * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Bruno%2BArca%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Arca%20B&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ABruno%2BArca%2B) * [ORCID record for Bruno Arca](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-0984 "Open in new tab") Fabrizio Lombardo Sapienza University of Rome * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Fabrizio%2BLombardo%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lombardo%20F&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AFabrizio%2BLombardo%2B) * [ORCID record for Fabrizio Lombardo](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-0612 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: fabrizio.lombardo@uniroma1.it * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5801790/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5801790/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5801790/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5801790/1) * [Data/Code](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.external-links)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_data_code/node:5801790/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5801790/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract The innate immune response of Anopheles mosquitoes is closely associated with the successful development of Plasmodium parasites and their subsequent transmission to humans. However, the extent to which mosquito immune activation correlates with parasite burden during early sporogonic development, and how additional factors may be linked to variation in this early immune response, remains only partly understood. In this study, we examined the immune responses of individual Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes fed on Plasmodium falciparum infected blood with identical gametocytemia, yet exhibiting different infection intensities at the ookinete stage. We focused on the critical window of ookinete maturation and midgut traversal (12 to 36 hours post-infection), a key phase for parasite establishment, while minimizing confounding factors such as mosquito age, microbiota composition, blood meal variability, and experimental noise. Ookinete burden was estimated in individual mosquitoes by quantifying four well established stage-specific transcripts (ctrp, warp, soap, and cht1), allowing stratification into "low" and "high" ookinete load groups prior to RNA-seq analysis. Transcriptional profiling revealed clear differences between these two conditions, with mosquitoes carrying lower ookinete loads exhibiting stronger upregulation of immune-related genes compared to those with higher burdens, indicating that the reduced parasite establishment during the very early stages of infection is strictly associated with an effective immune activation. Notably, genes involved in L-arginine homeostasis were significantly modulated, highlighting a pathway not extensively explored in the context of mosquito anti-Plasmodium defense. Overall, our findings show that ookinete burden correlates with distinct mosquito transcriptional states during early infection and emphasize the value of ookinete-specific transcripts quantification for dissecting early vector-parasite interactions. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Footnotes * ## Funder Information Declared Sapienza University of Rome, https://ror.org/02be6w209, RP118164369ECAEB, RG1221816C78FF05, AR225199C3A28E4B European Union, INFRAVEC2 #5876 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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[ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/22/2026.09.21.753172.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [Supplementary Material ](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172v1.supplementary-material) [ Data/Code](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2026/09/22/2026.09.21.753172.external-links) [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) Early mosquito immune patterns correlate with differential Plasmodium falciparum ookinete load Giulia Bevivino, Maria Greta Dipaola, David Modiano, Bruno Arca, Fabrizio Lombardo bioRxiv 2026.09.21.753172; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.21.753172 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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