---
title: "Gestational diabetes prevalence and physiology in South African women with and without HIV — ORCHI"
id: "pubmed-41841696"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41841696"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/"
doi: "10.1210/clinem/dgag111"
published_at: "2026-08-13T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Gestational diabetes prevalence and physiology in South African women with and without HIV — ORCHI
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41841696
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/)
- **DOI:** [10.1210/clinem/dgag111](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fclinem%2Fdgag111)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-13T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The ORCHID cohort enrolled 1,573 pregnant South African women at ≤18 weeks' gestation, including 668 women with HIV (WWH) and HIV-seronegative women, median age 28 years and median gestation 13 weeks at enrollment. - Overall prevalence of **gestational diabetes (GDM)** in the cohort was 7.9%; prevalence differed by HIV status: 6.7% in WWH and 9.1% in HIV‑seronegative women. - Of all GDM cases detected, 65% were identified as **early GDM** at enrollment (≤18 weeks) based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using **WHO criteria**; the remainder were classified as late GDM at 32–36 weeks. - Women with **early GDM** had the greatest impairments in insulin sensitivity and beta‑cell function at enrollment, with the lowest values for Matsuda index, Stumvoll index, oral disposition index, and glucose sensitivity from Mari models compared with women who developed late GDM or who did not develop GDM. - Physiologic measures analyzed included Matsuda (insulin sensitivity), Stumvoll (insulin sensitivity), oral disposition index (beta‑cell function), and glucose sensitivity from Mari modeling (glucose‑insulin relationship). - Logistic regression was used to examine the association between **HIV** status and GDM; adjusted analyses indicated that WWH had lower odds of GDM than HIV‑seronegative women, but the abstract did not report the adjusted odds ratio or confidence interval. - The study fills a gap in data from sub‑Saharan Africa on both early and late GDM and provides mechanistic insight suggesting that impaired insulin sensitivity and beta‑cell function characterize early GDM in this population. - Specifics on covariates included in adjusted models, numeric effect sizes for physiologic indices, and full statistical estimates (including the adjusted odds ratio) were not reported in the abstract and require the full text for details.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41841696%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41841696%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41841696%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-jcem_pubmed.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/clinem/dgag111 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#substances) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#related-links) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles MeSH terms Substances Related information Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources J Clin Endocrinol Metab Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) . 2026 Aug 13;111(9):2630-2640. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgag111. # Gestational diabetes in South African women with HIV and HIV-seronegative women: results from the ORCHID cohort [Jennifer Jao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jao+J&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Elton Mukonda](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mukonda+E&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Hlengiwe P Madlala](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Madlala+HP&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Landon Myer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Myer+L&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Allison Zerbe](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zerbe+A&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA."), [Justine Legbedze](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Legbedze+J&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Jody A Rusch](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rusch+JA&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.")[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-7 "National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa."), [Sandisiwe Matyesini](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Matyesini+S&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Jami L Josefson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Josefson+JL&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Grace McComsey](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=McComsey+G&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."), [Julia H Goedecke](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goedecke+JH&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-9 "Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.")[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-10 "Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport \(HPALS\) Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa."), [Elaine J Abrams](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Abrams+EJ&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA."), [Patrick Catalano](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Catalano+P&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 11 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#full-view-affiliation-11 "Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 2 Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa. * 4 Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA. * 5 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 6 Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa. * 7 National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. * 8 Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. * 9 Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. * 10 Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS) Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa. * 11 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. * PMID: **41841696** * DOI: [ 10.1210/clinem/dgag111 ](https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag111) Item in Clipboard # Gestational diabetes in South African women with HIV and HIV-seronegative women: results from the ORCHID cohort Jennifer Jao et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID J Clin Endocrinol Metab Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/) . 2026 Aug 13;111(9):2630-2640. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgag111. ### Authors [Jennifer Jao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jao+J&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Elton Mukonda](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mukonda+E&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Hlengiwe P Madlala](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Madlala+HP&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Landon Myer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Myer+L&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Allison Zerbe](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zerbe+A&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA."), [Justine Legbedze](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Legbedze+J&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Jody A Rusch](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rusch+JA&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.")[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-7 "National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa."), [Sandisiwe Matyesini](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Matyesini+S&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa."), [Jami L Josefson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Josefson+JL&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."), [Grace McComsey](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=McComsey+G&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."), [Julia H Goedecke](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goedecke+JH&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.")[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-10 "Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport \(HPALS\) Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa."), [Elaine J Abrams](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Abrams+EJ&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA."), [Patrick Catalano](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Catalano+P&cauthor_id=41841696)[ 11 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841696/#short-view-affiliation-11 "Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 2 Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa. * 4 Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, ICAP at Columbia, NewYork, NY 10032, USA. * 5 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. * 6 Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa. * 7 National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. * 8 Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. * 9 Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. * 10 Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS) Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa. * 11 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. * PMID: **41841696** * DOI: [ 10.1210/clinem/dgag111 ](https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag111) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Context:** Little data exist on early and late gestational diabetes (GDM) in sub-Saharan Africa. **Objective:** We assessed the prevalence of GDM in South Africa, including early and late GDM, and investigated insulin sensitivity, 1st phase insulin secretion, and beta cell function to understand the underlying pathophysiology of glucose metabolism in early and late pregnancy. **Methods:** We enrolled women with HIV (WWH) and HIV-seronegative women at ≤18 weeks' gestation. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was administered at enrollment (early) and 32-36 weeks' gestation (late) to diagnose GDM using WHO criteria. Matsuda, Stumvoll, oral disposition index, and glucose sensitivity from Mari models were calculated. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of HIV with GDM. **Results:** Among 1573 (n = 668 WWH) participants, median age was 28 years, gestation 13 weeks. Overall, 7.9% had GDM (6.7% WWH, 9.1% HIV-seronegative); of these, 65% had early GDM. Women with early GDM had the lowest Matsuda, Stumvoll, oral disposition index, and glucose sensitivity at enrollment compared to those with late GDM and those without GDM. In adjusted analyses, WWH had lower odds of GDM than HIV-seronegative women (adjusted odds ratio
## Related Clinical Research

- [Temporal patterns of tuberculosis-associated hyperglycaemia and effects on treatment outcomes in n](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-0-temporal-patterns-of-tuberculosis-associated-hyperglycaemia-and-its-effect-on.md)
- [Interactions between betaine, insulin resistance, and cognitive impairment in people with and without HIV](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-2-interactions-between-betaine-insulin-resistance-and-cognitive-impairment-in.md)
- [Walking pace vs. step count: Both linked to lower mortality risk](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-walk-faster-or-walk-more-study-shows-both-pace-and-step-count-lower-death-risk.md)
- [Replacing animal fats with plant fats linked to lower mortality after nonmetastatic prostate cancer](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-swapping-animal-fats-with-plant-fats-may-lower-risk-of-death-after-prostate.md)
- [Global access to diabetes medicines: TARGET-DM framework for targeted policy actions](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/nature-0-global-access-to-different-classes-of-diabetes-medicines-a-framework-for.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.