---
title: "High cardiometabolic burden in people with HIV and obesity in Peru"
id: "pubmed-42912411"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42912411"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/"
doi: "10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807"
published_at: "2026-10-23T23:18:54.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# High cardiometabolic burden in people with HIV and obesity in Peru
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42912411
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F25787489.2026.2746807)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-23T23:18:54.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Observational, cross-sectional study in Lima-Callao, Peru, conducted in 2024 among clinically stable people with **HIV** aged ≥35 years and BMI >30 kg/m². - Total enrolled participants: 126; 77.7% male; mean age 50.6 years; mean BMI 34.0 kg/m². - Mean time on antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 12.4 years; mean CD4 count 759.8 cells/µL; 97.6% had HIV-RNA <200 copies/µL. - Clinical cardiovascular disease history was uncommon (2.4%), yet **carotid Doppler ultrasound** identified atherosclerotic changes (increased CIMT or carotid plaque) in 34.4% of participants. - Abnormal glucose metabolism was present in 89.7%; dyslipidemia in 82.5%; **metabolic syndrome** in 50.8%; elevated inflammatory markers in 28.2%; low apolipoprotein A1 in 22.6%. - Only 8.1% of participants had normal results across all cardiometabolic evaluations. - Cardiovascular risk classification varied by score: high risk in 19.4% by Framingham, 9.4% by ACC/AHA, and 75.4% by **HIV-CARDIO-PREDICT**. - Data indicated associations between subclinical atherosclerosis and older age plus longer ART duration. - Authors recommended targeted evaluation and preventive management for cardiometabolic complications in this demographic; the study was cross-sectional and limited to Lima-Callao sampling in 2024.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#article-details) ### NIH Websites Are Changing * [Get the Latest Updates and FAQs on the transition](https://www.nih.gov/web-modernization) * Per [Executive Order 14434](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/09/inaugurating-the-era-of-super-intelligence/), federal agencies are now using "Super Intelligence" (SI) in place of "Artificial Intelligence" (AI). You may see both terms across NIH content during this transition. ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42912411%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/a447896c-976f-490b-b86b-2668b65114a8/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42912411%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42912411%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Experimental Resource Linked Discoveries ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#abstract) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#mesh-terms) Title & authors Abstract Publication types MeSH terms Observational Study HIV Res Clin Pract Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Res+Clin+Pract%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22HIV+Res+Clin+Pract%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) . 2026 Dec 31;27(1):2746807. doi: 10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807. Epub 2026 Oct 23. # High cardiometabolic burden among people with HIV and obesity in Peru [José Alfredo Hidalgo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hidalgo+JA&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-2 "EsSalud, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, Lima, Peru."), [Yvett Pinedo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pinedo+Y&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru."), [Erika Cecilia Agurto](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Agurto+EC&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-4 "EsSalud, Hospital Alberto Sabogal, Callao, Peru."), [Ladys Cárdenas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=C%C3%A1rdenas+L&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru."), [Juan Carlos Gómez de la Torre](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=G%C3%B3mez+de+la+Torre+JC&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Laboratorio Roe, Lima, Peru.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru."), [Rosemarie Ayarza](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ayarza+R&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru."), [Germán Valenzuela-Rodríguez](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Valenzuela-Rodr%C3%ADguez+G&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-7 "MSD Perú, Lima, Peru."), [Teófilo Jesús Rocca](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rocca+TJ&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru."), [Alberto La Rosa](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=La+Rosa+A&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#full-view-affiliation-7 "MSD Perú, Lima, Peru.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru. * 2 EsSalud, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, Lima, Peru. * 3 Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru. * 4 EsSalud, Hospital Alberto Sabogal, Callao, Peru. * 5 Laboratorio Roe, Lima, Peru. * 6 Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru. * 7 MSD Perú, Lima, Peru. * 8 Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru. * PMID: **42912411** * DOI: [ 10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807) Item in Clipboard Observational Study # High cardiometabolic burden among people with HIV and obesity in Peru José Alfredo Hidalgo et al. HIV Res Clin Pract. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID HIV Res Clin Pract Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Res+Clin+Pract%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22HIV+Res+Clin+Pract%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) . 2026 Dec 31;27(1):2746807. doi: 10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807. Epub 2026 Oct 23. ### Authors [José Alfredo Hidalgo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hidalgo+JA&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-2 "EsSalud, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, Lima, Peru."), [Yvett Pinedo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pinedo+Y&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru."), [Erika Cecilia Agurto](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Agurto+EC&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-4 "EsSalud, Hospital Alberto Sabogal, Callao, Peru."), [Ladys Cárdenas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=C%C3%A1rdenas+L&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru."), [Juan Carlos Gómez de la Torre](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=G%C3%B3mez+de+la+Torre+JC&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Laboratorio Roe, Lima, Peru.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru."), [Rosemarie Ayarza](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ayarza+R&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru."), [Germán Valenzuela-Rodríguez](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Valenzuela-Rodr%C3%ADguez+G&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-7 "MSD Perú, Lima, Peru."), [Teófilo Jesús Rocca](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rocca+TJ&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru."), [Alberto La Rosa](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=La+Rosa+A&cauthor_id=42912411)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/#short-view-affiliation-7 "MSD Perú, Lima, Peru.") ### Affiliations * 1 Asociación Vía Libre, Lima, Peru. * 2 EsSalud, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, Lima, Peru. * 3 Ministerio de Salud, Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru. * 4 EsSalud, Hospital Alberto Sabogal, Callao, Peru. * 5 Laboratorio Roe, Lima, Peru. * 6 Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru. * 7 MSD Perú, Lima, Peru. * 8 Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru. * PMID: **42912411** * DOI: [ 10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/25787489.2026.2746807) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract **Introduction:** Cardiometabolic disease has been studied in people with HIV, but evidence focused on people with HIV and obesity remains limited. This study assessed atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, metabolic abnormalities, markers of inflammation, and cardiovascular risk scores among people with HIV and obesity. **Methods:** We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study in clinically stable people with HIV aged ≥35 years and BMI >30 kg/m² in Lima-Callao, Peru, in 2024. **Results:** Participants enroled were 126; 77.7% were male, mean age was 50.6 years, mean time on antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 12.4 years, mean CD4 count was 759.8 cells/µL, and 97.6% had HIV-RNA <200 copies/µL. Mean BMI was 34.0. Clinical cardiovascular disease history was uncommon (2.4%); however, carotid Doppler ultrasound showed atherosclerotic changes in 34.4% (increased CIMT or carotid plaque), which associated with older age and longer time of ART. Abnormal glucose metabolism was identified in 89.7%, dyslipidemia in 82.5%, metabolic syndrome in 50.8%, elevated inflammatory markers in 28.2%, and low apolipoprotein A1 in 22.6%. Only 8.1% had normal findings across all evaluations. High cardiovascular risk was observed in 19.4% by Framingham, 9.4% by ACC/AHA, and 75.4% by HIV-CARDIO-PREDICT score. **Conclusions:** This population of middle-aged, clinically stable people with HIV and obesity presented substantial burden of subclinical atherosclerosis and metabolic abnormalities despite low reported cardiovascular disease history. Cardiovascular risk estimates varied substantially across scores, with an HIV-specific score identifying a much higher proportion of patients as high risk than general-population scores. Targeted evaluation and timely preventive management may help reduce cardiometabolic complications. **Keywords:** HIV; cardiovascular risk; dyslipidemia; metabolic syndrome; obesity. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Publication types * Observational Study Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Observational+Study%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Observational+Study) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Cardiovascular Diseases* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cardiovascular+Diseases%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cardiovascular+Diseases) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Cross-Sectional Studies Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cross-Sectional+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cross-Sectional+Studies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * HIV Infections* / complications Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fcomplications%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * HIV Infections* / drug therapy Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * HIV Infections* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22HIV+Infections%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=HIV+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Metabolic Syndrome* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Metabolic+Syndrome%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Metabolic+Syndrome) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Middle Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Obesity* / complications Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Obesity%2Fcomplications%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Obesity) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Obesity* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Obesity%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Obesity) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Peru / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Peru%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Peru) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * Risk Factors Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Risk+Factors%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Risk+Factors) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42912411/) * [Email](ht
## Related Clinical Research

- [Reflecting on 50 Years of Interleukin-2: Advancements in Immunotherapy and Retrovirology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-2-opinion-50-years-ago-my-colleagues-and-i-pursued-basic-research-science-that.md)
- [Why the U.S. Is Falling Behind England in the Push to Eliminate Hepatitis C](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-3-opinion-england-and-other-nations-are-on-the-path-toward-eliminating-hepatitis.md)
- [Weight gain in people with HIV in Africa and Asia: causes, consequences, and management](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42817201.md) (DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000001074)
- [Weight gain, adipose tissue remodeling and cardiometabolic risk in people with HIV](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42817202.md) (DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000001069)
- [Hyperuricemia and Gout in People Living with HIV: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocol](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-6-urate-dysregulation-hyperuricemia-and-gout-among-people-living-with-hiv-a.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.