---
title: "How Latent Tuberculosis Infection Alters the Gut Microbiome and Immune‑Metabolic Interactions in P"
id: "pubmed-42657534"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42657534"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/"
doi: "10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739"
published_at: "2026-08-27T16:47:47.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# How Latent Tuberculosis Infection Alters the Gut Microbiome and Immune‑Metabolic Interactions in P
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42657534
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19490976.2026.2721739)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-27T16:47:47.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Latent tuberculosis infection (**LTBI**) increases the annual risk of TB reactivation in people living with HIV (**PLHIV**) by about **3%–16%**. - The study used integrated cross-sectional and exploratory longitudinal analyses to compare gut microbiome composition, predicted microbial function, and immune‑metabolic interactions across groups defined by HIV and LTBI/TB status. - Against the background gut dysbiosis already associated with HIV, LTBI was linked to a distinct microbial and immune‑metabolic profile rather than simple additive dysbiosis. - Individuals with both HIV and LTBI (HIV+LTBI+) had alpha diversity similar to HIV‑negative groups but formed a discrete microbial community with a lower **Firmicutes/Bacteroidota** ratio. - HIV+LTBI+ profiles showed depletion of **butyrate‑producing Firmicutes**, enrichment of ASVs assigned to **Megasphaera, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium,** and **Streptococcus**, and reduced predicted **aromatic amino acid** metabolic pathways. - Fecal **propionate** concentrations were maintained in HIV+LTBI+ despite depletion of butyrate producers, and overall co‑occurrence networks were densely connected but more vulnerable to hub‑node loss. - Staged correlation analyses revealed progressive remodeling of host–microbiome associations across HIV and TB states, including links between **Prevotella** ASVs, PD‑1+CD8+ T cells, and plasma IP‑10; in HIV+TB+ there were increases in calprotectin and sCD14 and reduced associations among butyrate‑associated taxa. - Exploratory longitudinal data indicated that antiretroviral therapy (**ART**) did not restore the microbiome to an HIV‑negative configuration; post‑ART microbiomes remained closer to the baseline HIV+LTBI+ profile. - Microbiome divergence and short‑chain fatty acid (**SCFA**) profiles following ART correlated with the **CD4/CD8 ratio** rather than absolute CD4 count. - The authors conclude that **LTBI** is an important modifier of gut microbiome composition and immune‑metabolic interactions in PLHIV and highlight the need for longitudinal studies linking microbiome changes to progression to active TB.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42657534%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42657534%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42657534%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#abstract) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#mesh-terms) Title & authors Abstract MeSH terms Gut Microbes Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Gut+Microbes%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Gut+Microbes%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) . 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2721739. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739. Epub 2026 Aug 27. # Latent tuberculosis infection shapes gut microbiome and immune-metabolic interactions in people living with HIV [Pratik Devadiga](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Devadiga+P&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Jyoti Batgire](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Batgire+J&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Kalyani Karandikar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karandikar+K&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shilpa Bhowmick](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhowmick+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shantanu Birje](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Birje+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shilpa Kerkar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kerkar+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Vidya Nagar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nagar+V&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Priya Patil](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patil+P&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Sachee Agrawal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Agrawal+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Microbiology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Jayanthi Shastri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shastri+J&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-6 "PI-Centre of Excellence in Immunology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Sushma Gaikwad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gaikwad+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Medicine, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Kiran Munne](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Munne+K&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Nupur Mukherjee](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mukherjee+N&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Cell Physiology and Pathology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Taruna Madan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Madan+T&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-9 "Division of Development Research, ICMR, New Delhi, India."), [Vainav Patel](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patel+V&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Vikrant M Bhor](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhor+VM&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India.")[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#full-view-affiliation-10 "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research \(AcSIR\), Ghaziabad, India.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 2 Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 3 Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 4 Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 5 Department of Microbiology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 6 PI-Centre of Excellence in Immunology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 7 Department of Medicine, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 8 Department of Cell Physiology and Pathology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 9 Division of Development Research, ICMR, New Delhi, India. * 10 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India. * PMID: **42657534** * DOI: [ 10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739) Item in Clipboard # Latent tuberculosis infection shapes gut microbiome and immune-metabolic interactions in people living with HIV Pratik Devadiga et al. Gut Microbes. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Gut Microbes Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Gut+Microbes%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Gut+Microbes%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) . 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2721739. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739. Epub 2026 Aug 27. ### Authors [Pratik Devadiga](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Devadiga+P&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Jyoti Batgire](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Batgire+J&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Kalyani Karandikar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karandikar+K&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shilpa Bhowmick](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhowmick+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shantanu Birje](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Birje+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Shilpa Kerkar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kerkar+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Vidya Nagar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nagar+V&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Priya Patil](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patil+P&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Sachee Agrawal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Agrawal+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Microbiology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Jayanthi Shastri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shastri+J&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-6 "PI-Centre of Excellence in Immunology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Sushma Gaikwad](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gaikwad+S&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Medicine, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India."), [Kiran Munne](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Munne+K&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Nupur Mukherjee](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mukherjee+N&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Cell Physiology and Pathology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Taruna Madan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Madan+T&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Division of Development Research, ICMR, New Delhi, India."), [Vainav Patel](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patel+V&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India."), [Vikrant M Bhor](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhor+VM&cauthor_id=42657534)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India.")[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/#short-view-affiliation-10 "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research \(AcSIR\), Ghaziabad, India.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 2 Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 3 Department of Child Health Research, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 4 Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir. J J Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 5 Department of Microbiology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 6 PI-Centre of Excellence in Immunology, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 7 Department of Medicine, T N Medical College and B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. * 8 Department of Cell Physiology and Pathology, ICMR-NIRWoH, Mumbai, India. * 9 Division of Development Research, ICMR, New Delhi, India. * 10 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India. * PMID: **42657534** * DOI: [ 10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2026.2721739) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract The silent presence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) increases the annual risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation by 3%-16%. Although gut dysbiosis is well documented in HIV, microbiome alterations associated with LTBI in PLHIV remain poorly characterized. Using integrated cross-sectional and exploratory longitudinal analyses, we investigated the gut microbiome composition, predicted function, and immune-metabolic interactions in ART-naive individuals categorized as HIV-LTBI-, HIV-LTBI+, HIV+LTBI-, HIV+LTBI+, and HIV+TB+. Against the dysbiotic background associated with HIV, LTBI was associated with a distinct gut microbial and immune-metabolic profile. Compared with HIV+LTBI-, HIV+LTBI+ individuals exhibited alpha diversity comparable to the HIV-negative groups while forming a distinct microbial community, characterized by a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio, depletion of butyrate-producing Firmicutes, enrichment of ASVs assigned to _Megasphaera_ , _Prevotella_ , _Bifidobacterium_ , and _Streptococcus_ , reduced predicted aromatic amino acid metabolic pathways, maintained fecal propionate concentrations, and a densely connected co-occurrence network with greater vulnerability to hub-node loss. Staged correlation analyses revealed progressive remodeling of host‒microbiome associations across HIV and TB disease states, including associations between _Prevotella_ ASVs, PD-1+CD8+ T cells, plasma IP-10, and, in HIV+TB+, increased calprotectin and sCD14 together with reduced associations among butyrate-associated taxa. In exploratory longitudinal analyses, ART did not restore a microbiome resembling that of HIV-negative individuals; instead, the microbiome composition remained closer to the baseline HIV+LTBI+ profile, while microbiome divergence and SCFA profiles were associated with the CD4/CD8 ratio rather than CD4 count alone. These findings identify LTBI as an important modifier of the gut microbiome composition and immune-metabolic interactions in PLHIV and provide a framework for future studies investigating microbiome changes associated with progression to active TB. **Keywords:** Gut microbiome; HIV; Prevotella; latent tuberculosis; predictive functional pathways; short-chain fatty acids. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) * Bacteria / classification Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fclassification%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) * Bacteria / genetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42657534/) * Bacteria / isolation & purification Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.n
## Related Clinical Research

- [Predictors of Healthcare Costs for Commercially Insured Adults with Tuberculosis in the US (2013–2](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-0-predictors-of-healthcare-costs-among-commercially-insured-persons-with.md)
- [Coverage and completion of 1HP TB preventive therapy among people living with HIV in Western India](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42644713.md) (DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2026.2722757)
- [District-level HIV and TB vulnerability to climate hazards in South Africa: a composite index anal](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-4-district-level-hiv-and-tb-health-system-vulnerability-to-climate-and-weather.md)
- [Conflict and funding cuts threaten control of Ebola, malaria, TB and HIV in eastern DRC](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/nature-0-beyond-ebola-armed-conflict-and-humanitarian-funding-cuts-threaten-control-of.md)
- [Determinants of Favorable MDR-TB Treatment Outcomes in Zambia, 2018–2022](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-16-determinants-of-favorable-treatment-outcomes-in-multidrug-resistant.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.