---
title: "HPV vaccination program linked to lower anal HPV16/18 prevalence in GBMSM in England"
id: "pubmed-42702144"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42702144"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/"
doi: "10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114"
published_at: "2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# HPV vaccination program linked to lower anal HPV16/18 prevalence in GBMSM in England
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42702144
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2026.129114)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-24T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Surveillance used residual rectal swabs from GBMSM aged ≤45 attending 10 specialist sexual health services across England, collected in two phases (2017–19 and 2021–24). - Investigators tested anonymised specimens with an in-house multiplex PCR and Luminex genotyping for type-specific **HPV** DNA. - Specimens (n=5,787) were linked to sociodemographic, prior STI diagnosis, and reported HPV vaccination data in the national STI surveillance system. - Phase 1 contributed 3,291 specimens; Phase 2 contributed 2,496 specimens; the study team compared vaccine-type prevalence between phases and by reported vaccination status. - Data indicated a 36% decline in anal **HPV16/18** prevalence between Phase 1 and Phase 2. - Overall prevalence of **HPV16/18** was similar among those with reported vaccination (16.6%; 95% CI 15.2–18.1) and without reported vaccination (15.8%; 95% CI 14.5–17.1). - Authors reported that available surveillance data did not permit accurate estimation of vaccine effectiveness, citing underreporting of vaccinations, herd protection, and biased vaccine uptake as likely contributors. - The analysis is ecological; investigators interpreted falling vaccine-type prevalence as consistent with impact of the targeted GBMSM vaccination programme but emphasized remaining uncertainties. - Keywords and focus: **GBMSM**, **HPV**, vaccine impact, enhanced surveillance, type-specific HPV16/18 prevalence.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Sep 6. # Impact of the HPV vaccination programme on anal HPV infection in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: multi-site enhanced surveillance study in specialist sexual health services in England [Marta Checchi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Checchi+M&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: marta.checchi@ukhsa.gov.uk."), [Kavita Panwar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Panwar+K&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Clare E French](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=French+CE&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-3 "NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK."), [Hamish Mohammed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mohammed+H&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Simon Beddows](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Beddows+S&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Matthew Hickman](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hickman+M&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-3 "NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK."), [Kate Soldan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Soldan+K&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: marta.checchi@ukhsa.gov.uk. * 2 Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK. * 3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. * 4 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK. * 5 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. * PMID: **42702144** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114) Free article Item in Clipboard Multicenter Study # Impact of the HPV vaccination programme on anal HPV infection in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: multi-site enhanced surveillance study in specialist sexual health services in England Marta Checchi et al. Vaccine. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vaccine%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/) . 2026 Oct 24:92:129114. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114. Epub 2026 Sep 6. ### Authors [Marta Checchi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Checchi+M&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: marta.checchi@ukhsa.gov.uk."), [Kavita Panwar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Panwar+K&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Clare E French](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=French+CE&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-3 "NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK."), [Hamish Mohammed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mohammed+H&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Simon Beddows](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Beddows+S&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK."), [Matthew Hickman](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hickman+M&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-3 "NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK."), [Kate Soldan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Soldan+K&cauthor_id=42702144)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42702144/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections \(STI\) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.") ### Affiliations * 1 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: marta.checchi@ukhsa.gov.uk. * 2 Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK. * 3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. * 4 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK. * 5 Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. * PMID: **42702144** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129114) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract **Background:** A national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in England began in 2016. We evaluated the impact of this programme by monitoring the prevalence of type-specific HPV infections over time. **Methods:** Residual rectal swab specimens were collected from GBMSM aged ≤45 years undergoing chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea screening at 10 sexual health services (SHSs) between 2017-19 (Phase 1) and 2021-24 (Phase 2). Specimens were linked to data on sociodemographic characteristics, previous STI diagnoses, and HPV vaccination reported to the UK Health Security Agency's (UKHSA's) national STI surveillance system. Anonymised specimens were tested for type-specific HPV DNA using an in-house multiplex PCR and Luminex-based genotyping test. We compared the prevalence of vaccine-type HPV in each phase, and in those with and without any reported HPV vaccinations. **Results:** Data from 5,787 rectal swab specimens with HPV testing results were analysed: 3,291 in Phase 1 and 2,496 in Phase 2. There was a 36% decline in the prevalence of anal HPV16/18 infection between Phase 1 and Phase 2. Overall, the prevalence of HPV16/18 was similar in GBMSM with (16.6%; 95% CI 15.2-18.1) and without reported HPV vaccination (15.8%; 95% CI 14.5-17.1). **Conclusion:** Eight years after HPV vaccination of GBMSM began, the prevalence of vaccine-type HPV in GBMSM has declined. Available data did not permit accurate estimation of vaccine effectiveness, likely due to the combined effects of underreporting of vaccinations, herd protection, and bias in vaccination uptake. These findings, albeit ecological, bode well for this targeted programme meeting its aim of reducing HPV-related diseases among GBMSM and reducing health inequalities. **Keywords:** Epidemiology; GBMSM; HPV; Vaccine evaluation. Crown Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Matthew Hickman reports a relationship with Society of Study of Addiction that includes: board membership. Matthew Hickman reports a relationship with Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board that includes: travel reimbursement. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ## Similar articles * [ Factors associated with human papillomavirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and mpox vaccination uptake among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in the UK- findings from the large community-based RiiSH-Mpox survey. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39163149/) Baldry G, Phillips D, Wilkie R, Checchi M, Folkard K, Simmons R, Saunders J, Mandal S, Mercer CH, Mohammed H, Ogaz D.Baldry G, et al.Int J STD AIDS. 2024 Oct;35(12):963-981. doi: 10.1177/09564624241273778. Epub 2024 Aug 20.Int J STD AIDS. 2024.PMID: 39163149 * [ Performance of human papillomavirus DNA detection in residual specimens taken for _Chlamydia trachomatis_ and _Neisseria gonorrhoeae_ nucleic acid amplification testing in men who have sex with men. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33328194/) Nugent D, Stirrup O, Pett S, Panwar K, Checchi M, Mesher D, Soldan K, Beddows S, Gilson R.Nugent D, et al.Sex Transm Infect. 2021 Nov;97(7):541-546. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054702. Epub 2020 Dec 16.Sex Transm Infect. 2021.PMID: 33328194 * [ HPV vaccination of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in sexual health and HIV clinics in England: vaccination uptake and attendances during the pilot phase. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31028226/) Checchi M, Mesher D, McCall M, Coukan F, Chau C, Mohammed H, Duffell S, Edelstein M, Yarwood J, Soldan K.Checchi M, et al.Sex Transm Infect. 2019 Dec;95(8):608-613. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053923. Epub 2019 Apr 26.Sex Transm Infect. 2019.PMID: 31028226 * [ A systematic review and thematic synthesis exploring how gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) experience HPV and HPV vaccination. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40231489/) Pow J, Clarke L, McHale S, Gray-Brunton C.Pow J, et al.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025 Dec;21(1):2490440. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2025.2490440. Epub 2025 Apr 15.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025.PMID: 40231489Free PMC article. * [ Assessing real world vaccine effectiveness: A review of Scotland's approach to monitoring human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine impact on HP
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