---
title: "Imaging extracellular nucleic acids in biofilms: methods, biases, and recommendations"
id: "pubmed-42529974"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42529974"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/"
doi: "10.1042/EBC20250031"
published_at: "2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Imaging extracellular nucleic acids in biofilms: methods, biases, and recommendations
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42529974
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/)
- **DOI:** [10.1042/EBC20250031](https://doi.org/10.1042%2FEBC20250031)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Extracellular nucleic acids (**eNA**) are common components of bacterial **biofilms**, contributing to structural integrity, antimicrobial resistance, and immune evasion. - Historically eNA were regarded primarily as extracellular **DNA** in the canonical B-form, but recent work reveals extensive structural diversity in biofilm matrices, including **Z‑DNA**, **G‑quadruplexes**, i‑motifs, triplexes, and extracellular **RNA**. - Non‑canonical nucleic acid structures show distinct emergent properties compared with B‑DNA: resistance to mammalian DNase I, formation of catalytically active DNAzymes with peroxidase activity, and participation in extracellular electron transfer. - These structures have been underappreciated because common visualisation methods have limited sensitivity and strong structural biases. - Widely used fluorescent **DNA‑binding dyes** such as propidium iodide and TOTO™‑1 preferentially bind certain DNA structures and can render non‑canonical forms invisible, affecting interpretation of nuclease treatments and perceived biofilm composition. - The review evaluates current imaging tools with emphasis on fluorescent dyes and structure‑specific immunolabelling, noting commercially available monoclonal antibodies (Z22, BG4, 1H6, iMab, Jel466, J2) as validation tools. - The authors recommend integrating multiple detection approaches — for example combining far‑red dyes with TOTO™‑1 for broader coverage — and validating imaging with structure‑specific monoclonal antibodies and functional assays. - Understanding eNA structural diversity and using appropriate detection tools are essential prerequisites for rational design of structure‑specific nuclease therapeutics targeting biofilm infections. - Specific methodological details, experimental protocols, and quantitative performance metrics of the imaging tools were not reported in the PubMed abstract and require consultation of the full text for implementation.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--portlandpress.com-images-pubmed-logo.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://portlandpress.com/essaysbiochem/article-lookup/doi/10.1042/EBC20250031 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#similar) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#substances) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#related-links) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles Publication types MeSH terms Substances Related information Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources Review Essays Biochem Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Essays+Biochem%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Essays+Biochem%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) . 2026 Sep 2;70(3):347-360. doi: 10.1042/EBC20250031. # Imaging nucleic acids in biofilms [Gabriel Antonio S Minero](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Minero+GAS&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark."), [Freja Winther Sillesen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Winther+Sillesen+F&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark."), [Rikke Louise Meyer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Meyer+RL&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. * 2 Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. * PMID: **42529974** * DOI: [ 10.1042/EBC20250031 ](https://doi.org/10.1042/ebc20250031) Item in Clipboard Review # Imaging nucleic acids in biofilms Gabriel Antonio S Minero et al. Essays Biochem. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Essays Biochem Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Essays+Biochem%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Essays+Biochem%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) . 2026 Sep 2;70(3):347-360. doi: 10.1042/EBC20250031. ### Authors [Gabriel Antonio S Minero](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Minero+GAS&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark."), [Freja Winther Sillesen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Winther+Sillesen+F&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark."), [Rikke Louise Meyer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Meyer+RL&cauthor_id=42529974)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.") ### Affiliations * 1 Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. * 2 Department of Biology, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. * PMID: **42529974** * DOI: [ 10.1042/EBC20250031 ](https://doi.org/10.1042/ebc20250031) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Extracellular nucleic acids (eNA) are ubiquitous components of bacterial biofilms, contributing to structural integrity, antimicrobial resistance, and immune evasion. While traditionally viewed as extracellular DNA in the canonical B-form, recent discoveries reveal remarkable structural diversity within biofilm matrices, including left-handed Z-DNA, G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, triplexes, and extracellular RNA. These non-canonical structures possess emergent properties distinct from B-DNA: they resist degradation by mammalian DNase I, they form catalytically active DNAzymes with peroxidase activity, and they serve as conduits for extracellular electron transfer. Despite their biological significance, these structures have been largely overlooked due to limitations in visualisation methods. The present review critically evaluates current tools for imaging eNA in biofilms, with emphasis on fluorescent DNA-binding dyes and structure-specific immunolabelling approaches. The widely used DNA-binding dyes, such as propidium iodide and TOTO™-1, exhibit strong structural biases and render non-canonical structures invisible. This has important implications for interpreting nuclease treatment outcomes and biofilm composition. We provide practical guidance for comprehensive eNA visualisation, recommending integration of multiple detection methods: combining far-red dyes with TOTO™-1 for broad structural coverage and validating findings with commercial monoclonal antibodies (Z22, BG4, 1H6, iMab, Jel466, and J2) alongside functional assays. Understanding eNA structural diversity and developing appropriate detection tools are essential for rational design of structure-specific nuclease therapeutics targeting biofilm infections. **Keywords:** Extracellular matrix; biofilm; eDNA; eRNA; fluorescence; imaging. © 2026 The Author(s). [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Detecting extracellular G4 DNA motifs in biofilms through energy transfer between DNA-binding dyes TOTO™-1 and SYTO™60. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475682/) Lund LM, Minero GAS, Kaysen J, Meyer RL, Birkedal V.Lund LM, et al.Nucleic Acids Res. 2026 Jul 17;54(14):gkag712. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag712.Nucleic Acids Res. 2026.PMID: 42475682Free PMC article. * [ Dental biofilms contain DNase I-resistant Z-DNA and G-quadruplexes but alternative DNase overcomes this resistance. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40389511/) Evans DCS, Kristensen MF, Minero GAS, Palmén LG, Knap I, Tiwari MK, Schlafer S, Meyer RL.Evans DCS, et al.NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025 May 19;11(1):80. doi: 10.1038/s41522-025-00694-x.NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025.PMID: 40389511Free PMC article. * [ Personality Theories. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475469/) Gallios JM, Iyer V, Kaylor LE.Gallios JM, et al.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.PMID: 42475469Free Books & Documents. * [ eDNA-Amyloid Synergistic Interactions in Bacterial Biofilms: A Hidden Driver of Antimicrobial Resistance. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41465500/) Gong W, Cheng X, Villena J, Kitazawa H.Gong W, et al.Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Dec 15;26(24):12075. doi: 10.3390/ijms262412075.Int J Mol Sci. 2025.PMID: 41465500Free PMC article.Review. * [ Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Modulation of biofilm and virulence properties. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38417645/) Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Cho KJ, Kim YM.Jeong GJ, et al.Acta Biomater. 2024 Apr 1;178:13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.029. Epub 2024 Feb 27.Acta Biomater. 2024.PMID: 38417645Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42529974) ## Publication types * Review Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Review) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) ## MeSH terms * Bacteria Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * Biofilms* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Biofilms%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Biofilms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * Fluorescent Dyes / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fluorescent+Dyes%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fluorescent+Dyes) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * Nucleic Acids* / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nucleic+Acids%2Fchemistry%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Nucleic+Acids) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * Nucleic Acids* / metabolism Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nucleic+Acids%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Nucleic+Acids) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) ## Substances * Nucleic Acids Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nucleic+Acids%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Nucleic+Acids%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * Fluorescent Dyes Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fluorescent+Dyes%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Fluorescent+Dyes%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) ## Related information * [ MedGen ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=42529974 "Related information in MedGen") ## Grants and funding * [ 69632/Villum Fonden (Villum Foundation) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=69632%2FVillum+Fonden+%28Villum+Foundation%29%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc "All articles for grant 69632/Villum Fonden \(Villum Foundation\)") * [ 50284/Villum Fonden (Villum Foundation) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=50284%2FVillum+Fonden+%28Villum+Foundation%29%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc "All articles for grant 50284/Villum Fonden \(Villum Foundation\)") * [ CF23-1540/Carlsbergfondet (Carlsberg Foundation) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CF23-1540%2FCarlsbergfondet+%28Carlsberg+Foundation%29%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc "All articles for grant CF23-1540/Carlsbergfondet \(Carlsberg Foundation\)") ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Silverchair Information Systems ](https://portlandpress.com/essaysbiochem/article-lookup/doi/10.1042/EBC20250031) **Full text links** [x] [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--portlandpress.com-images-pubmed-logo.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://portlandpress.com/essaysbiochem/article-lookup/doi/10.1042/EBC20250031 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F%23open-email-panel) * [Save](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42529974%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation Manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42529974/) [x] NCBI Literature Resources [MeSH](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) [PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) [Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books) [Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Follow NCBI [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/ncbi) [ Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm) [ LinkedIn ](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm) [ GitHub ](https://github.com/ncbi) [ ](https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Connect with NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html) * [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH) * [ SM-Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine) * [ SM-Youtube ](https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH) National Library of Medicine [8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894](https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4
## Related Clinical Research

- [Performance of a Pilot EMTCT Programme for Syphilis in Baoan District, Shenzhen: Implementation an](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/bmj-open-21-implementation-and-performance-of-a-national-pilot-programme-for-eliminating.md)
- [Correction: Splenic accumulation and colocalization of immature reticulocytes and Plasmodium vivax](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-medicine-0-correction-evaluation-of-splenic-accumulation-and-colocalization-of-immature.md)
- [Correction: Remdesivir‑bisPropionate study — amendments to methods and Fig 6](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-0-correction-remdesivir-bispropionate-a-better-derivative-of-remdesivir-against.md)
- [Global and national effects of epidemics on health workforce inequality, 1990–2019](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-medicine-1-global-regional-and-national-impact-of-epidemic-disasters-on-health-workforce.md)
- [WHO news item: Advancing One Health — page summary and missing article details](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/who-0-0-advancing-one-health-implementation-and-investment-from-country-action-to.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.