---
title: "Infectious disease prevalence in unaccompanied minor refugees and links to migration journey traits"
id: "pubmed-42678940"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42678940"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/"
doi: "10.1371/journal.pone.0354114"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Infectious disease prevalence in unaccompanied minor refugees and links to migration journey traits
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42678940
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/)
- **DOI:** [10.1371/journal.pone.0354114](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0354114)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Study examined **infectious disease** screening results in unaccompanied minor refugees arriving in one Bavarian district, Germany, using routine public health assessments collected 2010–2022. - Full cohort comprised 237 unaccompanied minors undergoing legally mandated screening; subgroup of 129 had documented migration journey details. - Overall, 61.2% of the full cohort had at least one detected infection; 65.1% in the migration-history subgroup tested positive for at least one infection. - Screened conditions included **tuberculosis**, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, scabies, and intestinal parasitic infections. - In the subgroup, 79.8% were male and 55.0% were aged between 13.5 and 16.5 years. - **Tuberculosis** prevalence was highest among Sub-Saharan African participants (20.0%, 95% CI 11.2–32.7); **hepatitis B** predominated in North African and Southeast European minors. - Migration patterns: 52.9% passed through three to four transit countries; 72.1% used two different modes of travel. Longer documented journeys showed numerically higher infectious disease positivity, but confidence intervals were wide. - Authors caution that differences by journey duration lacked clear statistical evidence due to limited sample size, wide confidence intervals, and possible confounding. - Key conclusions support structured postarrival health screening and careful documentation of migration history during clinical assessment of unaccompanied minors.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology-IBE, University of Munich-LMU, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. * 2 Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany. * 3 Department of Public Health Medicine, Landshut, Germany. * 4 Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany. * 5 Technical University of Munich, Germany- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. * PMID: **42678940** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0354114 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354114) Item in Clipboard # Infectious disease prevalence among unaccompanied minor refugees: Associations with migration journey characteristics Heribert Stich et al. PLoS One. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID PLoS One Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/) . 2026 Sep 1;21(9):e0354114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0354114. eCollection 2026. ### Authors [Heribert Stich](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stich+H&cauthor_id=42678940)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology-IBE, University of Munich-LMU, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Public Health Medicine, Landshut, Germany."), [Angelika Deisling](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Deisling+A&cauthor_id=42678940)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology-IBE, University of Munich-LMU, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany."), [Fabian Standl](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Standl+F&cauthor_id=42678940)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology \(IMIBE\), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42678940/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Technical University of Munich, Germany- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.") ### Affiliations * 1 Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology-IBE, University of Munich-LMU, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. * 2 Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany. * 3 Department of Public Health Medicine, Landshut, Germany. * 4 Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany. * 5 Technical University of Munich, Germany- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. * PMID: **42678940** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0354114 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354114) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** We examined infectious disease screening in unaccompanied minors because migration-related exposures may increase the risk of communicable diseases and because early detection enables timely treatment and prevention. However, the relationship between migration journey characteristics and infectious disease prevalence in this population remains poorly understood. We therefore examined infectious disease prevalence among unaccompanied minors upon arrival in Germany and explored its association with migration journey characteristics. **Methods:** We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using standardized, case-specific health assessments conducted by the Public Health Service in one Bavarian district. Routine data were collected over thirteen consecutive years (2010-2022). We first described the prevalence of detected infections in the full cohort of 237 unaccompanied minors undergoing legally mandated screening, including tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, scabies, and intestinal parasitic infections. We then analyzed the subgroup of 129 minors with documented migration journey information to describe socio-epidemiological profiles and explore patterns according to number of transit countries, journey duration, and modes of migration. **Results:** In the full cohort, at least one infectious disease was detected in 61.2% of minors. Prevalence patterns were broadly similar in the migration-history subgroup, where 65.1% had at least one detected infectious disease. In the subgroup, most unaccompanied minors were male (79.8%) and aged 13.5 to 16.5 years (55.0%). Tuberculosis prevalence was highest among Sub-Saharan African participants (20.0%, 95% CI 11.2-32.7), while hepatitis B predominated in North African and Southeast European minors. Over half (52.9%) passed through three to four countries, and 72.1% used two different modes of travel. Although confidence intervals were wide, infectious disease positivity was numerically higher among minors with longer documented migration journeys. **Conclusions:** Infectious disease positivity was common among unaccompanied minors in this cohort and showed similar overall prevalence patterns in the full cohort and the migration-history subgroup. Migration journey characteristics provided useful descriptive context, but observed differences by journey duration were not supported by clear statistical evidence and should be interpreted cautiously given the limited sample size, wide confidence intervals, and potential confounding. These findings support structured health screening after arrival and careful documentation of migration history during clinical assessment. Copyright: © 2026 Stich et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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