---
title: "Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals in MENA: patient perspectives on LAI-ART adoption"
id: "pubmed-42165185"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42165185"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/"
doi: "10.1093/trstmh/trag058"
published_at: "2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals in MENA: patient perspectives on LAI-ART adoption
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42165185
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/trstmh/trag058](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftrstmh%2Ftrag058)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This multicenter cross-sectional survey assessed interest in **long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy (LAI-ART)** among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in three Middle East countries: Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Oman. - The study was conducted from October 2023 to December 2024 and included 1,010 respondents who were receiving or had previously received antiretroviral therapy (ART). - Overall interest in LAI-ART was high: 88.7% of respondents reported interest in switching to or using injectable long-acting ART. - Respondents identified multiple perceived benefits of LAI-ART: avoiding daily pills (91.1%), improved adherence (87.8%), enhanced confidentiality (86.7%), support for adherence alongside comorbidities (88.3%), and fewer missed doses (74.5%). - Reported barriers included concerns about injection pain (31.9%), difficulty coordinating travel within injection windows (30.6%), and the requirement for more frequent clinic visits (23.3%) to receive injections. - The authors conclude that high interest signals readiness for adoption in the MENA region but emphasize that implementation must address injection-related concerns, training needs for healthcare staff, and flexible scheduling to accommodate travel and lifestyle. - The abstract lists keywords including HIV, Middle East, antiretroviral therapy, **cabotegravir**, long-acting injectable, and **rilpivirine**, indicating the class of LAI agents considered. - Details about sampling procedures, demographic breakdown, statistical methods, and other study limitations were not reported in the abstract and would require the full text for verification.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles Publication types MeSH terms Substances LinkOut - more resources Multicenter Study Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/) . 2026 Sep 2;120(9):948-957. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag058. # Long-acting antiretroviral injections: perspectives of people living with HIV in three Middle East countries [Rahma Mohamed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mohamed+R&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Salma M A Mansour](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mansour+SMA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Egyptian Patent Office, Egyptian Intellectual Propriety Authority, Cairo 11516, Egypt."), [Heba Fahmy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fahmy+H&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Ahmed Cordie](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cordie+A&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Roaa Al Osaimi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Osaimi+RA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Faryal Khamis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Khamis+F&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Batool Ali](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ali+B&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Renad Al Ghurybi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ghurybi+RA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Jaleela Al Namani](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Namani+JA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Nursing, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Muna Ba'Omar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ba%27Omar+M&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Amany Ahmed Salem](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Salem+AA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt."), [Ibrahim Ali Kabbash](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kabbash+IA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt. * 2 Egyptian Patent Office, Egyptian Intellectual Propriety Authority, Cairo 11516, Egypt. * 3 Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA. * 4 Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman. * 5 Department of Nursing, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman. * 6 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt. * 7 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt. * PMID: **42165185** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag058 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag058) Item in Clipboard Multicenter Study # Long-acting antiretroviral injections: perspectives of people living with HIV in three Middle East countries Rahma Mohamed et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/) . 2026 Sep 2;120(9):948-957. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag058. ### Authors [Rahma Mohamed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mohamed+R&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Salma M A Mansour](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mansour+SMA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Egyptian Patent Office, Egyptian Intellectual Propriety Authority, Cairo 11516, Egypt."), [Heba Fahmy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fahmy+H&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Ahmed Cordie](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cordie+A&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt."), [Roaa Al Osaimi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Osaimi+RA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Faryal Khamis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Khamis+F&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Batool Ali](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ali+B&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Renad Al Ghurybi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ghurybi+RA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA."), [Jaleela Al Namani](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Namani+JA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Nursing, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Muna Ba'Omar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ba%27Omar+M&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman."), [Amany Ahmed Salem](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Salem+AA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt."), [Ibrahim Ali Kabbash](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kabbash+IA&cauthor_id=42165185)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42165185/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.") ### Affiliations * 1 Cairo University Hospitals HIV Clinic, Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt. * 2 Egyptian Patent Office, Egyptian Intellectual Propriety Authority, Cairo 11516, Egypt. * 3 Infectious Diseases Department, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah 22253, KSA. * 4 Adult Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman. * 5 Department of Nursing, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman. * 6 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt. * 7 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt. * PMID: **42165185** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag058 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag058) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Although daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective, pill burden, adherence challenges, stigma, and confidentiality concerns remain problematic for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Long-acting injectable ART (LAI-ART) is a promising alternative; however, data from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are limited. This study assessed PLHIV interest in LAI-ART and explored perceived benefits and barriers to implementation. **Methods:** A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2023 to December 2024 among PLHIV in Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Oman who were receiving or had previously received ART. **Results:** Among 1010 respondents, 88.7% expressed an interest in LAI-ART. Reported benefits included avoiding daily pills (91.1%), improved adherence (87.8%), enhanced confidentiality (86.7%), support for treatment adherence with comorbidities (88.3%), and reduced missed doses (74.5%). Reported barriers included injection pain (31.9%), difficulty scheduling travel within injection windows (30.6%), and frequent clinic visits (23.3%) to receive the injection. **Conclusion:** High interest in LAI-ART suggests readiness for adoption in the MENA region. Successful implementation requires addressing injection-related concerns through patient education, ensuring trained healthcare personnel, and adopting flexible scheduling to accommodate travel and lifestyle needs, while leveraging confidentiality benefits to mitigate HIV-related stigma and support adherence. **Keywords:** HIV; Middle East; antiretroviral therapy; cabotegravir; long-acting injectable; rilpivirine. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site-for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Feasibility and Implementation Considerations for Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapy in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study of Healthcare Providers and Programmatic Stakeholders. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42153910/) Shahid MW, Rehman F, Riaz M, Akram MA, Azhar F, Umair MM, Akhtar N, Jabeen M, Ahmed A.Shahid MW, et al.J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2026 Jan-Dec;25:23259582261452317. doi: 10.1177/23259582261452317. 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Epub 2024 Apr 30.AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2024.PMID: 38686517Free PMC article. * [ Bridging the gap: identifying barriers and strategies for widespread implementation of long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40200165/) Gashema P, Iradukunda PG, Saramba E, Musafiri T, Umuhoza T, Ndahimana F, Ingabire A, Ndoli MM, Mutagoma G, Mwikarago IE, Nyirimigabo E, Ribakare M, Harelimana JD, Moyo E, Dzinamarira T, Muvunyi CM.Gashema P, et al.BMC Infect Dis. 2025 Apr 8;25(1):476. doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10871-0.BMC Infect Dis. 2025.PMID: 40200165Free PMC article. * [ Practical dosing guidance for the management of clinician-administered injections of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38107552/) Patel P, Teichner P, Elliot E, Boffito M, Murray M, Polli JW, Baker M, Ford SL, Han K, Russu A, Crauwels H, D'Amico RD, Spreen WR, van Wyk J.Patel P, et al.Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023 Dec 13;10:20499361231214626. doi: 10.1177/20499361231214626. eCollection 2023 Jan-Dec.Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023.PMID: 38107552Free PMC article.Review. 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