---
title: "Market landscape of penicillin for syphilis and rheumatic heart disease in WHO South‑East Asia Reg"
id: "pubmed-42676699"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42676699"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/"
doi: "10.2471/BLT.25.295053"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Market landscape of penicillin for syphilis and rheumatic heart disease in WHO South‑East Asia Reg
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42676699
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/)
- **DOI:** [10.2471/BLT.25.295053](https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.25.295053)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Objective: assess the market landscape for five essential **penicillin** formulations used to treat syphilis and rheumatic heart disease across nine countries in the **WHO South‑East Asia Region**. - Methods: market data were collected by survey on product registration, inclusion in national essential medicines lists, procurement, availability, pricing and demand forecasting for five penicillin formulations. - Major price variation: benzathine benzylpenicillin 1.2 million IU cost in Timor‑Leste was over 23 times higher than in Bangladesh (US$ 3.45 vs US$ 0.15); the 2.4 million IU formulation varied up to 55‑fold across the region. - Reported supply problems: shortages of **benzathine benzylpenicillin** in India, Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand and Timor‑Leste; shortages of aqueous benzylpenicillin in Sri Lanka during the 2022 economic crisis; disruptions of phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg in Maldives and Sri Lanka. - Demand estimates: morbidity‑based annual regional demand of 171,966,061 vials of benzathine benzylpenicillin 2.4 million IU and 923,053,121 tablets of phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg. - Estimated costs: corresponding annual costs of US$ 62,127,441 for benzathine benzylpenicillin 2.4 million IU and US$ 48,005,181 for phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg. - India accounted for the highest demand for both benzathine benzylpenicillin 2.4 million IU and phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg. - Conclusion: wide disparities in registration, procurement, pricing and forecasting undermine reliable access to penicillin products across the region. - Recommended actions reported: strengthen regional collaboration, improve forecasting, harmonize regulatory approaches and consider pooled procurement strategies to secure equitable, sustainable access.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Jun 3. # Market landscape of penicillin for syphilis and rheumatic heart disease, WHO South-East Asia Region [Gereltuya Dorj](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dorj+G&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-1 "National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, 55 Botany St, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031, Australia."), [Uhjin Kim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kim+U&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Access to Medicines, Technologies, Diagnostics and Health Products, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Po-Lin Chan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chan+PL&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Pradeep Joshi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Joshi+P&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health and Disabilities, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Abhishek Royal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Royal+A&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-5 "World Health Organization, Sub-office Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh."), [Karina Razali](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Razali+K&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, 55 Botany St, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. * 2 Access to Medicines, Technologies, Diagnostics and Health Products, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 3 Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 4 Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health and Disabilities, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 5 World Health Organization, Sub-office Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. * PMID: **42676699** * PMCID: [ PMC13527684 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13527684/) * DOI: [ 10.2471/BLT.25.295053 ](https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.25.295053) Item in Clipboard # Market landscape of penicillin for syphilis and rheumatic heart disease, WHO South-East Asia Region Gereltuya Dorj et al. Bull World Health Organ. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Bull World Health Organ Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bull+World+Health+Organ%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Bull+World+Health+Organ%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/) . 2026 Sep 1;104(9):589-600. doi: 10.2471/BLT.25.295053. Epub 2026 Jun 3. ### Authors [Gereltuya Dorj](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dorj+G&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-1 "National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, 55 Botany St, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031, Australia."), [Uhjin Kim](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kim+U&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Access to Medicines, Technologies, Diagnostics and Health Products, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Po-Lin Chan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chan+PL&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Pradeep Joshi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Joshi+P&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health and Disabilities, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India."), [Abhishek Royal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Royal+A&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-5 "World Health Organization, Sub-office Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh."), [Karina Razali](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Razali+K&cauthor_id=42676699)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India.") ### Affiliations * 1 National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, 55 Botany St, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. * 2 Access to Medicines, Technologies, Diagnostics and Health Products, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 3 Hepatitis, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 4 Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health and Disabilities, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. * 5 World Health Organization, Sub-office Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. * PMID: **42676699** * PMCID: [ PMC13527684 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13527684/) * DOI: [ 10.2471/BLT.25.295053 ](https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.25.295053) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract in [ English, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#eng-abstract) [ French, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#fra-abstract) [ Spanish, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#spa-abstract) [ Arabic, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#ara-abstract) [ Chinese, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#zho-abstract) [ Russian ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42676699/#rus-abstract) **Objective:** To assess the market landscape of penicillin formulations used for the treatment of syphilis and rheumatic heart disease in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region. **Methods:** We analysed market data for five essential penicillin formulations across nine countries in the South-East Asia Region using a survey form to collect data on product registration, inclusion in national essential medicines lists, procurement, availability, pricing and demand forecasting. **Findings:** Substantial disparities exist in registration status, procurement and pricing across the region. The price of benzathine benzylpenicillin 1.2 million international units (IU) in Timor-Leste was over 23 times higher than in Bangladesh (3.45 United States dollars, US$, versus US$ 0.15), while the price for 2.4 million IU varied by up to 55-fold across the region. Several countries reported supply issues, including shortages of benzathine benzylpenicillin in India, Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand and Timor-Leste; aqueous benzylpenicillin in Sri Lanka during the 2022 economic crisis; and supply disruptions of phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg in Maldives and Sri Lanka. Morbidity-based estimates indicated annual regional demand of 171 966 061 vials of benzathine benzylpenicillin 2.4 million IU and 923 053 121 tablets of phenoxymethylpenicillin 250 mg, with corresponding costs of US$ 62 127 441 and US$ 48 005 181, respectively. India has the highest demand of these two formulations. **Conclusion:** Differences in registration, procurement, pricing and forecasting undermine reliable access to penicillin products in the South-East Asia Region. Stronger regional collaboration, improved forecasting, harmonized regulatory approaches and pooled procurement strategies are needed to secure equitable and sustainable access. **Objectif:** Évaluer le panorama du marché des préparations à base de pénicilline utilisées pour le traitement de la syphilis et des cardiopathies rhumatismales dans la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé. **Méthodes:** Nous avons analysé les données de marché relatives à cinq préparations essentielles à base de pénicilline dans neuf pays de la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est, à l’aide d’un questionnaire permettant de recueillir des informations sur l’homologation des produits, leur inclusion dans les listes nationales de médicaments essentiels, leur approvisionnement, leur disponibilité, leur tarification et les prévisions de demande. **Résultats:** Il existe des disparités importantes en matière d’homologation, d’approvisionnement et de tarification à l’échelle de la région. Le prix de la benzylpénicilline benzathine à 1,2 million d’unités internationales (UI) au Timor-Leste était plus de 23 fois supérieur à celui pratiqué au Bangladesh (3,45 dollars américains (USD), contre 0,15 USD), tandis que le prix pour 2,4 millions d’UI variait jusqu’à 55 fois dans la région. Plusieurs pays ont signalé des problèmes d’approvisionnement, notamment des pénuries de benzylpénicilline benzathine en Inde, aux Maldives, au Myanmar, en Thaïlande et au Timor-Leste; de benzylpénicilline aqueuse au Sri Lanka pendant la crise économique de 2022; et des perturbations de l’approvisionnement en phénoxyméthylpénicilline à 250 mg aux Maldives et au Sri Lanka. Les estimations fondées sur la morbidité ont mis en évidence une demande régionale annuelle de 171 966 061 flacons de benzylpénicilline benzathine à 2,4 millions d’UI et de 923 053 121 comprimés de phénoxyméthylpénicilline à 250 mg, pour des coûts correspondants de 62 127 441 USD et 48 005 181 USD. C’est en Inde que la demande pour ces deux préparations est la plus forte. **Conclusion:** Les différences en matière d’homologation, d’approvisionnement, de tarification et de prévisions compromettent la fiabilité de l’accès aux préparations à base de pénicilline dans la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Le renforcement de la collaboration régionale, l’amélioration des prévisions, l’harmonisation des approches réglementaires et le regroupement des stratégies d’approvisionnement sont nécessaires pour garantir un accès équitable et durable. **Objetivo:** Evaluar el panorama del mercado de las formulaciones de penicilina utilizadas para el tratamiento de la sífilis y la cardiopatía reumática en la Región de Asia Sudoriental de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). **Métodos:** Se analizaron datos de mercado correspondientes a cinco formulaciones esenciales de penicilina en nueve países de la Región de Asia Sudoriental mediante un cuestionario para recopilar información sobre el registro de los productos, su inclusión en las listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales, la adquisición, la disponibilidad, los precios y la previsión de la demanda. **Resultados:** Existen importantes diferencias en el estado del registro, la adquisición y los precios entre los países de la región. El precio de la bencilpenicilina benzatina de 1,2 millones de unidades internacionales (UI) en Timor-Leste fue más de 23 veces superior al de Bangladesh (3,45 dólares estadounidenses [US$] frente a US$ 0,15), mientras que el precio de la presentación de 2,4 millones de UI varió hasta 55 veces entre los países de la región. Varios países notificaron problemas de suministro, entre ellos la escasez de bencilpenicilina benzatina en India, Maldivas, Myanmar, Tailandia y Timor-Leste; de bencilpenicilina sódica acuosa en Sri Lanka durante la crisis económica de 2022; y las interrupciones en el suministro de fenoximetilpenicilina de 250 mg en Maldivas y Sri Lanka. Las estimaciones basadas en la morbilidad indicaron una demanda anual regional de 171 966 061 viales de bencilpenicilina benzatina de 2,4 millones de UI y 923 053 121 comprimidos de fenoximetilpenicilina de 250 mg, con unos costes correspondientes de US$ 62 127 441 y US$ 48 005 181. India presenta la mayor demanda de estas dos formulaciones. **Conclusión:** Las diferencias en el registro, la adquisición, los precios y la previsión de la demanda comprometen un acceso fiable a los productos de penicilina en la Región de Asia Sudoriental. Se requiere una mayor colaboración regional, una mejor previsión de la demanda, enfoques regulatorios armonizados y estrategias de adquisición conjunta para garantizar un acceso equitativo y sostenible. **الغرض:** تقييم أوضاع السوق لمستحضرات البنسلين المستخدمة في علاج الزهري وأمراض القلب الروماتيزمية في منطقة جنوب شرق آسيا التابع لمنظمة الصحة العالمية. **الطريقة:** قمنا بتحليل بيانات السوق لخمسة مستحضرات أساسية من البنسلين في تسع دول في منطقة جنوب شرق آسيا، باستخدام نموذج استبيان لجمع بيانات حول تسجيل المنتجات، وإدراجها في قوائم الأدوية الأساسية الوطنية، وتوريدها، وتوافرها، وتسعيرها، والتنبؤ بالطلب عليها. **الاستنتاج:** توجد فروقات ملموسة في حالة التسجيل، والتوريد، والتسعير في جميع أنحاء المنطقة. كان سعر بنزاثين بنزيل بنسلين بتركيز 1.2 مليون وحدة دولية (IU) في وتيمور - لشتي أعلى بأكثر من 23 ضعفًا من سعره في بنغلاديش (3.45 دولار أمريكي مقابل 0.15 دولار أمريكي)، بينما تفاوت سعر تركيز 2.4 مليون وحدة دولية بما يصل إلى 55 ضعفًا في جميع أنحاء المنطقة. أبلغت عدة دول عن مشاكل في الإمدادات، بما في ذلك نقص بنزاثين بنزيل بنسلين في الهند وملديف وميانمار وتايلند وتيمور - لشتي؛ ونقص بنزيل بنسلين المائي في سري لانكا خلال الأزمة الاقتصا
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