---
title: "Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Bovine Milk: Resistance Determinants and Transmis"
id: "pubmed-42700875"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700875"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/"
doi: "10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822"
published_at: "2026-09-05T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Bovine Milk: Resistance Determinants and Transmis
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700875
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micpath.2026.108822)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-05T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study examined antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes and transmissible elements in **Staphylococcus aureus** isolated from raw bovine milk from unorganized dairy farms in Haryana, India. - From 153 raw milk samples, 121 S. aureus isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the nuc gene. - High phenotypic resistance was observed to oxacillin (80.16%) and cefoxitin (60.33%); lower resistance to tetracycline (14.04%) and gentamicin (3.30%). - Forty point five percent of isolates were classified as **multidrug-resistant (MDR)** and 66.7% had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index >0.2. - MIC testing found 75.9% of isolates with vancomycin resistance at MIC ≥16 μg/mL. - Genotypic profiling showed methicillin-resistance genes: **mecA** in 89.2% and **mecC** in 10.8% of isolates. - Tetracycline resistance genes detected included tetM (76.5%) and tetK (23.5%); macrolide resistance genes ermC (62.5%) and ermB (37.5%) were present, while ermA was absent. - Aminoglycoside resistance gene aacA-aphD was found in 5.8% of isolates. - Virulence determinants included coa (72.7%), luk-PV (15.7%), icaA/icaD (42.1%) and enterotoxin genes sec (39.6%), sed (34.7%) and sea (5.8%); seb was not detected. - Mobile genetic elements implicated in dissemination were Tn916 (66.7%), class 1 integrons (41.7%), and **SCCmec** type IV identified among MRSA isolates. - Authors conclude there is a high prevalence of AMR, virulence genes and transmissible elements in dairy-derived S. aureus, and they recommend continuous surveillance and strengthened **One Health** strategies to limit spread. - Funding support from an All-India Network Project on Antimicrobial Resistance in Fisheries and Livestock was disclosed for one author; other competing interests were declared absent or not reported.
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Online ahead of print. # Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Bovine Milk in Haryana, India: Resistance Determinants, Virulence Factors and Dissemination Potential [Mansi Sahu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sahu+M&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Namita Narwal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Narwal+N&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Ravikant Vinayakrao Vinchurkar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vinchurkar+RV&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Soumya Sangam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sangam+S&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Jaichandru Srinivasan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Srinivasan+J&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Kavitha Parachalil](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Parachalil+K&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Raghu Hirikyathanahalli Vishweswaraiah](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vishweswaraiah+RH&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India; Microbial Biosensors, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Lab, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: 4rvsy.dmndri@gmail.com."), [Diwas Pradhan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pradhan+D&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: zawidprd@gmail.com.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. * 2 Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. * 3 Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India; Microbial Biosensors, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Lab, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: 4rvsy.dmndri@gmail.com. * 4 Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: zawidprd@gmail.com. * PMID: **42700875** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822) Item in Clipboard # Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Bovine Milk in Haryana, India: Resistance Determinants, Virulence Factors and Dissemination Potential Mansi Sahu et al. Microb Pathog. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Microb Pathog Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microb+Pathog%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Microb+Pathog%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/) . 2026 Sep 5:108822. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822. Online ahead of print. ### Authors [Mansi Sahu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sahu+M&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Namita Narwal](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Narwal+N&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Ravikant Vinayakrao Vinchurkar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vinchurkar+RV&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Soumya Sangam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sangam+S&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Jaichandru Srinivasan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Srinivasan+J&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Kavitha Parachalil](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Parachalil+K&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India."), [Raghu Hirikyathanahalli Vishweswaraiah](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vishweswaraiah+RH&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India; Microbial Biosensors, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Lab, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: 4rvsy.dmndri@gmail.com."), [Diwas Pradhan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pradhan+D&cauthor_id=42700875)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700875/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: zawidprd@gmail.com.") ### Affiliations * 1 Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. * 2 Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. * 3 Microbiology Section, National Referral Centre for milk quality and safety, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India; Microbial Biosensors, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Lab, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: 4rvsy.dmndri@gmail.com. * 4 Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: zawidprd@gmail.com. * PMID: **42700875** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108822) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract This present study investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw bovine milk collected from unorganized dairy farms in Haryana, India. A total 121 S. aureus strains from 153 raw milk samples were confirmed by PCR targeting the nuc gene and further screened for antimicrobial susceptibility. These isolates exhibited the predominant resistance against oxacillin (80.16%) followed by cefoxitin (60.33%), with lower resistance to tetracycline (14.04%) and gentamicin (3.30%). Among these resistant isolates, 40.5% were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), while 66.7% exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index >0.2. The MIC testing demonstrated that 75.9% of isolates were vancomycin resistant (MIC ≥16 μg/mL). Further, Genotypic characterization identified methicillin resistance genes, with mecA detected in 89.2% and mecC in 10.8% of S. aureus isolates. Similarly, resistant determinants were found at high frequencies in isolates such as tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, 76.5%; tetK, 23.5%), macrolide resistance genes (ermC, 62.5%; ermB, 37.5%) while ermA was absent. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aacA-aphD was detected in 5.8% of isolates. Additionally, S. aureus isolates showed presence of virulence determinants such as coa (72.7%), luk-PV (15.7%), icaA/icaD (42.1%) and enterotoxin genes sec (39.6%), sed (34.7%) and sea (5.8%) while seb was not deteceted. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), notably Tn916 was detected in 66.7%, class 1 integrons in 41.7% isolates and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Overall, these findings highlight a high prevalence of AMR, virulence-associated genes and transmissible resistance elements in dairy-derived S. aureus, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and strengthened One Health strategies to limit the spread of resistant and potentially pathogenic strains. **Keywords:** Bovine milk; MGEs; MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence; antimicrobial resistance. Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Ltd. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of Competing Interest ☒ The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Diwas Pradhan reports financial support was provided by All-India Network Project on Antimicrobial Resistance in Fisheries and Livestock (AI-NP-AMR), India. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 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