---
title: "Outer membrane vesicles and bacterial immune evasion: mechanisms and therapeutic implications"
id: "pubmed-42742734"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42742734"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/"
doi: "10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9"
published_at: "2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Outer membrane vesicles and bacterial immune evasion: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42742734
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00203-026-05179-9)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Bacterial **outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)** are increasingly recognized as key mediators of host-pathogen interactions and contributors to **immune evasion** during infection. - OMVs are produced by Gram-negative bacteria and carry diverse biomolecules that can modulate host immunity and promote persistent infection. - Emerging evidence indicates OMVs act through multiple mechanisms including silencing host immune genes, altering host survival signaling pathways, and promoting bacterial intracellular colonization. - OMVs contribute to **biofilm** formation, which enhances bacterial persistence and protection from host defenses and antimicrobials. - OMVs can modulate host inflammation and immune tolerance, potentially dampening effective immune responses at infection sites. - OMVs are able to neutralize host immune effectors, reducing the activity of antimicrobial peptides and other soluble defenses. - There is evidence OMVs induce epigenetic reprogramming in host cells, although the detailed molecular pathways remain incompletely defined. - The review highlights that the mechanisms by which OMVs modulate host immunity are complex and not fully understood, indicating knowledge gaps. - The authors summarize current and emerging strategies aimed at targeting OMV-mediated immune evasion, but specific therapeutic approaches and data were not detailed in the abstract. - Understanding OMV biology could inform future anti-infective research and therapeutic development to mitigate bacterial immune evasion and persistent infections.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 2 School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 3 School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 4 School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. 1620174416@cpu.edu.cn. * PMID: **42742734** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9) Item in Clipboard Review # Role of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in immune evasion during infection Boshan Yan et al. Arch Microbiol. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Arch Microbiol Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Arch+Microbiol%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Arch+Microbiol%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) . 2026 Sep 15;208(12):625. doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9. ### Authors [Boshan Yan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yan+B&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-1 "School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Shiqi Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+S&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Jinjing Wan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wan+J&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Xinyuan Huang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Huang+X&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-3 "School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Zhe Jia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jia+Z&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Changlin Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+C&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China."), [Lingman Ma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ma+L&cauthor_id=42742734)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/#short-view-affiliation-4 "School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. 1620174416@cpu.edu.cn.") ### Affiliations * 1 School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 2 School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 3 School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. * 4 School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. 1620174416@cpu.edu.cn. * PMID: **42742734** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-05179-9) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Bacterial infections remain a major global public health challenge and are further exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, bacterial pathogens employ diverse strategies to escape host immune surveillance and establish persistent infections. In recent years, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have attracted considerable attention because of their important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that OMVs participate in bacterial immune evasion through multiple mechanisms. However, the complex mechanisms underlying OMVs-mediated modulation of host immunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we comprehensively review the current understanding of OMVs and the mechanisms contributing to bacterial immune evasion. Particular emphasis is placed on their roles in silencing host immune genes, regulating survival signaling pathways, promoting bacterial intracellular colonization, facilitating biofilm formation, modulating host inflammation and immune tolerance, neutralizing host immune effectors, and inducing epigenetic reprogramming. In addition, we discuss current and emerging strategies targeting OMV-mediated immune evasion. This review summarizes recent findings and provides insights into potential directions for future anti-infective research and therapeutic development. **Keywords:** Gram-negative bacteria; Immune evasion; Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. ## References 1. 1. Athmann C, Zeng NX, Kang T et al (2000) Local pH elevation mediated by the intrabacterial urease of cocultured with gastric cells. 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Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5(7):a017871 - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722472/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/4484961/) - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017871) Show all 76 references ## Publication types * Review Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Review%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Review) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) ## MeSH terms * Animals Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacteria* / genetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacteria* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacteria* / pathogenicity Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacteria%2Fpathogenicity%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacteria) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacterial Infections* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacterial+Infections%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacterial+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacterial Infections* / microbiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacterial+Infections%2Fmicrobiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacterial+Infections) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacterial+Outer+Membrane+Proteins%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacterial+Outer+Membrane+Proteins) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Bacterial Outer Membrane* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Bacterial+Outer+Membrane%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Bacterial+Outer+Membrane) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Biofilms / growth & development Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Biofilms%2Fgrowth+and+development%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Biofilms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Host-Pathogen+Interactions%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Host-Pathogen+Interactions) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Immune Evasion* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immune+Evasion%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Immune+Evasion) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) * Signal Transduction Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Signal+Transduction%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Signal+Transduction) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42742734/) ## 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