---
title: "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mastitis, Bardaghat Municipality, Ne"
id: "pubmed-42667655"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42667655"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/"
doi: "10.1002/vms3.71204"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Prevalence and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mastitis, Bardaghat Municipality, Ne
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42667655
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/)
- **DOI:** [10.1002/vms3.71204](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fvms3.71204)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- A cross-sectional study in Bardaghat Municipality, Nepal screened 196 milk samples from lactating cows and buffaloes for mastitis using the **California Mastitis Test (CMT)**. - The overall prevalence of **Staphylococcus aureus** from bovine milk was 39.79% (78 isolates), indicating substantial carriage in dairy animals sampled. - All isolates (100.00%) were resistant to oxacillin, consistent with the presence of **methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)** among bovine mastitis isolates. - Twenty-five point six four percent (25.64%) of isolates met criteria for **multidrug resistance (MDR)**, defined as resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes. - Eighteen percent (18%) of isolates had a **multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index > 0.2**, suggesting exposure to environments with high antibiotic pressure. - The study reported an antimicrobial susceptibility profile for the 78 isolates (presented as Figure 1 in the article) but specific per-antibiotic susceptibility percentages beyond oxacillin were not detailed in the abstract. - No statistically significant associations were found between S. aureus prevalence and the evaluated risk factors in the sampled population. - Authors conclude there is an urgent need for improved mastitis management, including routine bacterial screening, **judicious antibiotic use**, and public health measures to reduce transmission of resistant S. aureus to humans.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal. * 2 Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. * PMID: **42667655** * PMCID: [ PMC13525848 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13525848/) * DOI: [ 10.1002/vms3.71204 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71204) Item in Clipboard # Isolation and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in Bardaghat Municipality, Nepal Biswash Ghimire et al. Vet Med Sci. 2026 Sep. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Vet Med Sci Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vet+Med+Sci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vet+Med+Sci%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) . 2026 Sep;12(5):e71204. doi: 10.1002/vms3.71204. ### Authors [Biswash Ghimire](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ghimire+B&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal."), [Shambhu Shah](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shah+S&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal."), [Akash Adhikari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Adhikari+A&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal."), [Sujan Adhikari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Adhikari+S&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal."), [Asmita Regmi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Regmi+A&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal."), [Sirjan Bastola](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bastola+S&cauthor_id=42667655)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal.") ### Affiliations * 1 Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Rupandehi, Nepal. * 2 Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. * PMID: **42667655** * PMCID: [ PMC13525848 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13525848/) * DOI: [ 10.1002/vms3.71204 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71204) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Mastitis in dairy animals is a major economic and public health concern in Nepal, exacerbated by the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk in Bardaghat Municipality, Nepal. **Results:** A cross-sectional survey screened 196 milk samples from lactating cows and buffaloes using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 39.79%. Strikingly, 100.00% of isolates exhibited resistance to oxacillin, indicating the widespread presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, 25.64% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistant to n 3 antibiotic classes), and 18% had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index > 0.2. No statistically significant associations were found between the prevalence of S. aureus and evaluated risk factors. **Conclusions:** These findings underscore an urgent need for improved mastitis management, including routine bacterial screening, judicious antibiotic use and public health measures to mitigate transmission of resistant S. aureus to humans. **Keywords:** MRSA; Nepal; Staphylococcus aureus; antimicrobial resistance; bovine mastitis. © 2026 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## Figures [ ![FIGURE 1](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f2dc/13525848/a0c99074e457/VMS3-12-e71204-g001.gif) ](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f2dc/13525848/e861ab174fb8/VMS3-12-e71204-g001.webp) ** FIGURE 1 ** Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of _Staphylococcus…_ ** FIGURE 1 ** Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of _Staphylococcus aureus_ isolates ( _n =_ 78) from bovine… **FIGURE 1** Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of _Staphylococcus aureus_ isolates (_n =_ 78) from bovine milk. [See this image and copyright information in PMC](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) ## References 1. 1. Abe, K. , Nomura N., and Suzuki S.. 2020. “Biofilms: Hot Spots of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) in Aquatic Environments, With a Focus on a New HGT Mechanism.” FEMS Microbiology Ecology 96: fiaa031. 10.1093/femsec/fiaa031. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa031) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7189800/) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32109282/) 2. 1. Ahmed, A. , Ijaz M., Khan J. A., and Anjum A. A.. 2023. “Biofilm Forming Multidrug Resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ of Dairy Origin: Molecular and Evolutionary Perspectives.” Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 24: 193–204. 10.22099/IJVR.2023.43941.6445,. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.22099/ijvr.2023.43941.6445) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10804433/) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38269015/) 3. 1. Aqib, A. I. , Ijaz M., Hussain R., et al. 2021. “Identification of Coagulase Gene in _Staphylococcus aureus_ Isolates Recovered From Subclinical Mastitis in Camels.” Pakistan Veterinary Journal 37: 160–164. 4. 1. Arnold, J.‐C. , Day D., Hennessey M., et al. 2021. “If It Works in People, Why Not Animals?″: A Qualitative Investigation of Antibiotic Use in Smallholder Livestock Settings in Rural West Bengal, India.” Antibiotics 10: 1433. 10.3390/antibiotics10121433. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121433) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8698124/) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34943645/) 5. 1. Badua, A. T. , Boonyayatra S., Awaiwanont N., Gaban P. B. V., and Mingala C. N.. 2020. “Methicillin‐Resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) Associated With Mastitis Among Water Buffaloes in the Philippines.” Heliyon 6: e05663. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05663. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05663) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7723804/) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319108/) Show all 39 references ## MeSH terms * Animals Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Anti-Bacterial Agents* / pharmacology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%2Fpharmacology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Anti-Bacterial+Agents) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Buffaloes Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Buffaloes%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Buffaloes) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Cattle Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cattle%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cattle) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Cross-Sectional Studies Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cross-Sectional+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cross-Sectional+Studies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Drug Resistance, Bacterial* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Bacterial%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Drug+Resistance%2C+Bacterial) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Multiple%2C+Bacterial%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Drug+Resistance%2C+Multiple%2C+Bacterial) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Mastitis, Bovine* / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Mastitis%2C+Bovine%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mastitis%2C+Bovine) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Mastitis, Bovine* / microbiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Mastitis%2C+Bovine%2Fmicrobiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mastitis%2C+Bovine) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Microbial Sensitivity Tests / veterinary Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%2Fveterinary%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Milk / microbiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Milk%2Fmicrobiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Milk) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Nepal / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nepal%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Nepal) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/) * Prevalence Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Prevalence%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Prevalence) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42667655/)
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