---
title: "Simple bedside clinical score to predict leptospirosis in undifferentiated febrile illness"
id: "pubmed-42052756"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42052756"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/"
doi: "10.1093/trstmh/trag046"
published_at: "2026-08-05T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Simple bedside clinical score to predict leptospirosis in undifferentiated febrile illness
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42052756
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/trstmh/trag046](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftrstmh%2Ftrag046)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-05T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of adults with **undifferentiated febrile illness** of 5–15 days' duration, using archived trial data to develop a bedside decision model for leptospirosis. - Of 190 patients included, 48 (25.3%) were serologically positive for leptospirosis by **IgM-ELISA**. - Multivariable logistic regression identified three independent clinical predictors: **conjunctival suffusion**, **icterus**, and **acute kidney injury**. - A simplified additive score (0–3) assigning one point per predictor demonstrated good discrimination (area under the ROC curve **AUC 0.801**). - At a score threshold of ≥2, sensitivity was 68.8% and specificity 82.4% for IgM-ELISA–confirmed leptospirosis. - An exploratory model incorporating **proteinuria** yielded moderate discrimination (AUC 0.741). - Estimated post-test probabilities increased from a baseline 25% seroprevalence to 91% when all three predictors were present, and to 97%–99% when the clinical score was combined with a positive **rapid diagnostic test**. - The authors conclude a simple bedside score can substantially raise the probability of diagnosing leptospirosis among patients with 5–15 days of undifferentiated fever, particularly when paired with rapid testing. - The report highlights potential utility in resource-limited or time-sensitive settings but is based on secondary analysis of trial data; details on external validation were not reported in the source.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42052756%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42052756%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42052756%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trag046 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#abstract) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#substances) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Publication types MeSH terms Substances LinkOut - more resources Randomized Controlled Trial Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) . 2026 Aug 5;120(8):873-878. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag046. # Simple clinical decision model for predicting leptospirosis: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial [Nitin Gupta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gupta+N&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Tirlangi Praveen Kumar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kumar+TP&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India."), [Steven Van Den Broucke](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Van+Den+Broucke+S&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Erika Vlieghe](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vlieghe+E&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Emmanuel Bottieau](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bottieau+E&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India. * 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium. * 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium. * PMID: **42052756** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag046 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag046) Item in Clipboard Randomized Controlled Trial # Simple clinical decision model for predicting leptospirosis: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial Nitin Gupta et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) . 2026 Aug 5;120(8):873-878. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trag046. ### Authors [Nitin Gupta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gupta+N&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Tirlangi Praveen Kumar](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kumar+TP&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India."), [Steven Van Den Broucke](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Van+Den+Broucke+S&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Erika Vlieghe](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Vlieghe+E&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium."), [Emmanuel Bottieau](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bottieau+E&cauthor_id=42052756)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India. * 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium. * 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium. * PMID: **42052756** * DOI: [ 10.1093/trstmh/trag046 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trag046) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Leptospirosis is a major cause of febrile illness in tropical regions, but early diagnosis is challenging due to overlapping clinical features and delayed serological confirmation. We developed a simple bedside decision model using readily available clinical variables. **Methods:** This secondary analysis used archived data from a randomized controlled trial of adults with undifferentiated febrile illness (October 2020-February 2021) of 5-15 days' duration. Independent predictors of IgM-ELISA positive leptospirosis were identified using multivariable logistic regression. A simplified score assigning one point per predictor was derived. Discrimination was assessed using ROC analysis, and post-test probabilities were modelled for clinical combinations and simulated rapid diagnostic testing. **Results:** Among 190 patients, 48 (25.3%) were serologically positive for leptospirosis. Conjunctival suffusion, icterus and acute kidney injury were independent predictors. The score (0-3) showed good discrimination (AUC 0.801), with sensitivity 68.8% and specificity 82.4% at ≥2. An exploratory proteinuria-based model demonstrated moderate discrimination (AUC 0.741). Probability increased from 25% at baseline to 91% when all three predictors were present and to 97%-99% when combined with a positive rapid test. **Conclusions:** A simple bedside score substantially increases the probability of diagnosing leptospirosis in patients with undifferentiated febrile illness of 5-15 days' duration, particularly when integrated with rapid testing. **Keywords:** clinical prediction model; leptospirosis; rapid diagnostic test; undifferentiated febrile illness. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site-for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Publication types * Randomized Controlled Trial Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Randomized+Controlled+Trial%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Randomized+Controlled+Trial) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Clinical Decision Rules* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clinical+Decision+Rules%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Clinical+Decision+Rules) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Decision Support Techniques Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Decision+Support+Techniques%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Decision+Support+Techniques) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Early Diagnosis Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Early+Diagnosis%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Early+Diagnosis) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Enzyme-Linked+Immunosorbent+Assay%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Enzyme-Linked+Immunosorbent+Assay) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Fever / etiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Fever%2Fetiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fever) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Immunoglobulin M / blood Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immunoglobulin+M%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Immunoglobulin+M) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Leptospirosis* / diagnosis Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Leptospirosis%2Fdiagnosis%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Leptospirosis) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Middle Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * ROC Curve Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22ROC+Curve%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=ROC+Curve) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Rapid Diagnostic Tests Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Rapid+Diagnostic+Tests%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Rapid+Diagnostic+Tests) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) * Sensitivity and Specificity Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Sensitivity+and+Specificity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Sensitivity+and+Specificity) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) ## Substances * Immunoglobulin M Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immunoglobulin+M%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Immunoglobulin+M%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42052756/) ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Elsevier Science ](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/8664575) * [ Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trag046) **Full text links** [x] [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trag046 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib
## Related Clinical Research

- [Cost-effectiveness of sulbactam‑durlobactam versus colistin for CRAB infections in US critical care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-11-cost-effectiveness-of-sulbactam-durlobactam-compared-with-colistin-for-treating.md)
- [Serum Magnesium and Risk of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Sepsis in Hospitalized Cirrhosis](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-19-association-of-serum-magnesium-levels-with-the-risk-of-spontaneous-bacterial.md)
- [Non-pulmonary Complications and Functional Decline after Community-Acquired Acute Lower Respirator](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-3-acute-renal-hepatic-thromboembolic-and-functional-complications-after-community.md)
- [Iron-related Parameters and Sepsis-associated Acute Kidney Injury — Source Content Not Available](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-19-association-of-iron-related-parameters-with-the-development-of-sepsis.md)
- [10-Year Risk of Revision and Complications After Thoracic or Lumbar Fusion in HIV-Positive Patients](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41025691.md) (DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000005524)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.