---
title: "Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Presenting as Knee Arthritis and Bacteremia"
id: "cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-4-systemic-spiroplasma-turonicum-infection-manifested-as-knee-arthritis-france"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-4-systemic-spiroplasma-turonicum-infection-manifested-as-knee-arthritis-france"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal"
source_url: "https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article"
published_at: "2026-10-15T04:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Agency Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Presenting as Knee Arthritis and Bacteremia
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-4-systemic-spiroplasma-turonicum-infection-manifested-as-knee-arthritis-france
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-15T04:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Agency Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Case report of a 61-year-old woman with IgA lambda multiple myeloma who presented with left knee pain, fever, and systemic inflammation. - Laboratory workup showed elevated C-reactive protein (83 mg/L) and severe hypogammaglobulinemia with undetectable IgA and IgM. - Knee aspiration revealed inflammatory fluid with 16,800 white cells/mL, predominantly neutrophils; PET scan showed hyperfixation in the left popliteal region. - Cultures from knee aspirate and blood flagged positive in BacT/ALERT with tiny gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria visible on Gram stain; subcultures produced β-hemolysis but no macroscopic colonies. - MALDI-TOF failed to identify the organism; 16S rRNA gene sequencing of joint fluid identified **Spiroplasma turonicum**. - Empiric carbapenem was started after initial arthroscopic lavage; persistent local signs prompted a second lavage. - Following identification, clinicians started doxycycline plus levofloxacin; inflammatory markers and local signs improved and the patient completed a 6-week antibiotic course. - Patient developed transient annular skin erythema on trunk and limbs after surgery; lesions were asymptomatic and lasted under 48 hours. - Possible exposure: brief stay near a horse ranch; horseflies (Haematopota spp.) are known reservoirs of **S. turonicum** in prior literature. - Authors note rarity of human **Spiroplasma** infections, diagnostic challenges requiring molecular methods, and heightened risk in profoundly immunosuppressed patients receiving B-cell/plasma cell–targeted therapies such as teclistamab.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
[Skip directly to page options](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#share-nav) [Skip directly to A-Z link](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#az-large) ![](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/4.0/assets/imgs/uswds/us_flag_small.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/4.0/assets/imgs/uswds/icon-dot-gov.svg) **Official websites use .gov** A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. ![](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/4.0/assets/imgs/uswds/icon-https.svg) **Secure .gov websites use HTTPS** A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. [CDC Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) [ ![Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/TemplatePackage/5.0/img/logo/cdc-logo-tag-right.svg) ](https://www.cdc.gov/) Emerging Infectious Diseases ![](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) [A-Z Index](https://www.cdc.gov/az/) × Submit [A-Z Index](https://www.cdc.gov/az/) × Submit [A-Z Index](https://www.cdc.gov/az/) Search Dropdown × Submit Emerging Infectious Diseases * [About the Journal](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **About the Journal** * [General Information](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about/general) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **General Information** * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **About the Journal****General Information** * [Background and Goals](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about/background) * [Editors](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about/editors) * [Editorial Board](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about/editorial-board) * [Staff](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/about/staff) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Contact](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/contact) * [EID Journal Report 2025](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/JournalReport_2025.pdf) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Articles](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Articles** * [October 2026](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/current) * [Wastewater Surveillance](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/articles/issue/32/13/table-of-contents) * [Early Release](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/early-release) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Early Release** * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Articles****Early Release** * [Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Manifested as Knee Arthritis, France, 2025](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Manifested as Knee Arthritis, France, 2025** * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Early Release****Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Manifested as Knee Arthritis, France, 2025** * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Articles****Early Release****Systemic Spiroplasma turonicum Infection Manifested as Knee Arthritis, France, 2025** * [Figure 1](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f1) * [Figure 2](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f2) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Past Issues](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/past-issues/volume-32) * [Medscape CME](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/articles/cme) * [ICEID](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/iceid) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Search](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/Search) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Search** * [Advanced Article Search](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/AdvancedSearch) * [Articles by Country Search](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/ArticleMap) * [Spotlight Topics](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Spotlight Topics** * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Search****Spotlight Topics** * [Antimicrobial Resistance Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/antimicrobial-resistance) * [Coronavirus Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/coronavirus) * [Ebola Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/ebola) * [Etymologia](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/articles/etymologia) * [Foodborne Diseases and Outbreaks Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/foodborne-diseases) * [Fungal Diseases](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/fungal) * [Hantavirus Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/hantavirus) * [HIV/AIDS Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/hiv) * [Influenza Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/influenza) * [Lyme Disease Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/lyme-disease) * [Malaria Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/malaria) * [MERS Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/mers) * [Mpox Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/mpox) * [Pneumonia Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/pneumonia) * [Rabies Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/rabies) * [Ticks Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/ticks) * [Tuberculosis/Mycobacteria](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/tuberculosis) * [Zika Spotlight](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/spotlight/zika) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Article Type Search](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/ArticleTypeSearch) * [EID on PubMed Central](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/782/) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Subscribe](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/subscriptions) * [Author Resource Center](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/author-resource-center) * [Peer Reviewers](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/reviewers) * [Podcasts](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/podcasts) * [ BACK ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) **Podcasts** * [Search](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/podcasts/search) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) * [Social Media](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/social-media) * [ Press & Media Information](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/press) * [ Home](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/) 1. [EID Journal](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/) 2. [Volume 32](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/early-release) 3. [Early Release](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/early-release#issue-1347) 4. [Main Article](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) * [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=%2Feid%2Farticle%2F32%2F11%2F26-1001_article "Share to Facebook") * [Twitter](http://twitter.com/share?url=%2Feid%2Farticle%2F32%2F11%2F26-1001_article&text= "Share to Twitter") * [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=%2Feid%2Farticle%2F32%2F11%2F26-1001_article&title= "Share to LinkedIn") * [Syndicate](https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/sharecontent//eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article "Embed this Page") [ Emerging Infectious Disease journal ISSN: 1080-6059 ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/) _Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released._ #### Volume 32, Number 11—November 2026 ##### _Research Letter_ ### Systemic _Spiroplasma turonicum_ Infection Manifested as Knee Arthritis, France, 2025 On This Page [Research Letter](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) * * * [Suggested Citation](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) Figures [Figure 1](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f1) * * * [Figure 2](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f2) Downloads [RIS [TXT - 2 KB] ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001.ris) Article Metrics [Metric Details](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article) Matteo Vassallo[![Comments to Author](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/images/icon/email.gif)](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#comment) , Sabrina Manni, Eleonore Delannoy, Johanna Azulay, Aurelie Canat, Laurene Lotte, Audrey Sindt, Anne-Flore Albertini, and Pascal del Giudice Author affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique Cote d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France (M. Vassallo); Cannes Hospital, Cannes, France (M. Vassallo, S. Manni, E. Delannoy, J. Azulay, A. Canat, L. Lotte, A. Sindt); Medipath, Mougins, France (A.-F. Albertini); Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Fréjus-Saint-Raphael, Frejus, France (P. del Guidice) [Suggested citation for this article](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#suggestedcitation) ### Abstract We report on an immunocompromised patient in southeast France who sought care for fever, knee arthritis, and skin erythema. Blood and joint samples were positive for _Spiroplasma turonicum_ , an intracellular gram-negative bacterium generally found in plants, insects, and ticks. Clinicians should be aware of possible _S._ _turonicum_ infection in immunocompromised patients. _Spiroplasma_ spp. are intracellular microorganisms belonging to the Mollicutes class and Spiroplasmataceae family, which also includes _Mycoplasma_ spp. bacteria ([_1_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r1 "1")). _Spiroplasma_ spp. bacteria require special substrates for growth in laboratory, and diagnosis often relies on use of genetic methods ([_2_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r2 "2")). Plants, insects, and ticks are known _Spiroplasma_ bacteria reservoirs ([_3_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r3 "3")). Human infections are extremely rare, and _Spiroplasma_ species differ according to vectors. For instance, 2 cases of _S. ixodetis_ infections in Sweden were described in immunocompromised patients after tick exposure ([_4_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r4 "4")); 1 case of human infection with _S. apis_ , a species generally associated with honeybees, was described in France after the patient was stung by a hornet-like insect ([_5_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r5 "5")); and 1 case was reported in Spain of human infection with _S. turonicum_ , which generally colonizes in _Haematopota_ spp. horseflies ([_3_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r3 "3"),[_6_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r6 "6")). We report a case of _S. turonicum_ systemic infection associated with knee arthritis in an immunocompromised patient in France. The patient gave written consent to describe her case. In November 2025, a 61-year-old woman sought care in Cannes Hospital, in southeast France, for a 10-day history of left knee pain. Her primary underlying condition was IgA lambda multiple myeloma, diagnosed in 2017, initially treated with autograft. Since 2024, she had been receiving teclistamab, a monoclonal antibody acting as a proteasome and CD38 inhibitor. At admission, the patient had an inflamed, painful left knee with functional impairment. Laboratory results showed elevated blood inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein values at 83 mg/L (reference [External Link](https://www.biomerieux.com)); after 48 hours, the cultures flagged as positive. Gram stain of cultures showed tiny gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria. Subcultures on blood agar plates for 48 hours showed several small zones of β-hemolysis with no macroscopic colony growth. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using MALDI Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, [External Link](https://www.bruker.com)) failed to identify the bacterium. At the same time, blood samples drawn from the patient were cultured and showed the same gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria. Figure 1 ![Histology of synovial sample of the left knee from an immunocompromised patient diagnosed with systemic Spiroplasma turonicum infection, France, 2025. Images show hematoxylin and eosin stain of polymorphous synovial inflammatory infiltrates. Polymorphous inflammatory granulomas are characterized by different white blood cell lineages in the knee synovial tissue. A\) Original magnification ×2.5; B\) original magnification ×5. ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/images/26-1001-F1-tn.jpg) [Figure 1](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f1 "Figure 1"). Histology of synovial sample of the left knee from an immunocompromised patient diagnosed with systemic _Spiroplasma turonicum_ infection, France, 2025. Images show hematoxylin and eosin stain of polymorphous synovial... Cytologic analysis of tissue samples collected during the arthroscopic lavage and debridement showed numerous polynuclear neutrophil cells, without any infiltration by cancer cells ([Figure 1](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f1)). PCR specific for _Campylobacter_ spp. and _Helicobacter_ spp. on the knee aspirate yielded negative results. Figure 2 ![Skin annular erythema on an immunocompromised patient diagnosed with systemic Spiroplasma turonicum infection, France, 2025. After surgery, the patient had erythema \(arrows\) develop on the abdomen \(A\), knee \(B\), and thigh \(C\), which lasted <48 hours.](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/images/26-1001-F2-tn.jpg) [Figure 2](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f2 "Figure 2"). Skin annular erythema on an immunocompromised patient diagnosed with systemic _Spiroplasma turonicum_ infection, France, 2025. After surgery, the patient had erythema (arrows) develop on the abdomen (A), knee (B),... The patient was started on empirical carbapenems antibiotic therapy after an arthroscopic lavage and debridement of the popliteal nodular lesion. Blood inflammatory markers partially improved, but local inflammatory signs in the left knee persisted. A second arthroscopic lavage was performed 3 weeks after the first, and joint liquid analysis revealed the same inflammatory aspect; cultures were positive for gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria but unrecognized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After the surgery, the patient had several large asymptomatic annular skin erythema develop on her trunk, arms, and legs that lasted <48 hours ([Figure 2](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001-f2)). Finally, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the joint liquid and identified the bacterium as _S. turonicum._ According to previous literature ([_4_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r4 "4"),[_6_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r6 "6")), the patient was promptly started on a dual antibiotic therapy with doxycycline and levofloxacin, after which blood markers and local inflammatory signs progressively improved. Because horseflies generally are the main _S. turonicum_ bacteria vector, we asked the patient about the possible contact with horses. She cited a short stay in the inland region of Nice, in southeast France, with a visit to a horse ranch. After 6 days of doxycycline and levofloxacin treatment and improved blood markers, the patient was discharged home and completed a 6-week course of antibiotics. She returned for outpatient follow-up 4 months after discharge; blood inflammatory markers were within reference ranges, and she had no signs of clinical relapse. Skin manifestations, mainly as erythema multiforme, are known to be associated with _Mycoplasma pneumoniae_ infections ([_7_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r7 "7")). Because _Spiroplasma_ spp. and _Mycoplasma_ spp. belong to the same family, we suggest that they could share the same pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with skin lesions. Moreover, arthritis due to _Spiroplasma_ spp. has not previously been described, but _M. pneumoniae_ has been isolated from joint fluid in some reported cases ([_8_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r8 "8")). The patient in this case was severely immunocompromised because of multiple myeloma and the associated long-term treatment. Teclistamab targets the B-cell maturation antigen and causes a profound depletion of both malignant and normal long-lived plasma cells, resulting in prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia and a consequently substantial infectious burden ([_9_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r9 "9"),[_10_](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/11/26-1001_article#r10 "10")). In summary, we confirmed human _S. turonicum_ infection in an immunocompromised patient with bacteremia, arthritis, and skin erythema. In severely immunosuppressed patients, clinicians and microbiologists should be aware of this very rare bacterial agent, which requires complex methods of identification and specific antibiotic treatment for resolution of infection. Dr. Vassallo is an infectious diseases specialist and chief of the Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases at Cannes General Hospital, Canne, France. His research interests include HIV, viral respiratory infections, and sepsis. [TopExternal Link](javascript:void\(0\)) ### Acknowledgment We thank Moussa Hajer for editing the figures, formatting the manuscript, and submitting it for publication. [Top](javascript:void\(0\)) ### References 1. Harne S, Gayathri P, Béven L. Exploring _Spiroplasma_ biology: opportunities and challenges. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:589279. [DOIExternal Link](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589279 "DOI")[PubMedExternal Link](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33193251 "PubMed")[Google ScholarExternal Link](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?doi=10.3389%2ffmicb.2020.589279&pmid=33193251 "Google Scholar") 2. Cisak E, Wójcik-Fatla A, Zając V, Sawczyn A, Sroka J, Dutkiewicz J. _Spiroplasma_ —an emerging arthropod-borne pathogen? Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22:589–93. [DOIExternal Link](https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1185758 "DOI")[PubMedExternal Link](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26706960 "PubMed")[Google ScholarExternal Link](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?doi=10.5604%2f12321966.1185758&pmid=26706960 "Google Scholar") 3. Davis RE, Shao J, Zhao Y, Gasparich GE, Gaynor BJ, Donofrio N. Complete genome sequence of _Spiroplasma turonicum_ strain Tab4cT, a parasite of a horse fly, _Haematopota_ sp. (Diptera: Tabanidae). Genome Announc. 2015;3:e01367–15. [DOIExternal Link](https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01367-15 "DOI")[PubMedExternal Link](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26586899 "PubMed")[Google ScholarExternal Link](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?doi=10.1128%2fgenomeA.01367-15&pmid=26586899 "Google Scholar") 4. Eimer J, Fernström L, Rohlén L, Grankvist A, Loo K, Nyman E, et al. _Spiroplasma ixodetis_ infections in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients after tick exposure, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:1681–5. [DOIExternal Link](https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2808.212524 "DOI")[PubMedExternal Link](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35876734 "PubMed")[Google ScholarExternal Link](http
## Related Clinical Research

- [High-dose versus standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine immunogenicity in people living with](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42753388.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129166)
- [Scrub Typhus Presenting with Typhoid-Like Bone Marrow Changes in an MDS Patient, China 2025](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-1-typhoid-fever-like-manifestation-of-scrub-typhus-in-patient-with.md)
- [Immunogenicity of Sequential Conjugate and Non-Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination in Dialysis and](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-16-immunogenicity-of-sequential-conjugate-and-non-conjugate-pneumococcal.md)
- [Depressive symptoms and viral load suppression in Malawian adolescents and youth with HIV: MPHIA 2](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-3-depressive-symptoms-and-viral-load-suppression-among-adolescents-and-youth.md)
- [Gonococcal OMV Vaccine Candidate Shows Persistent Immunity in Three Mouse Strains and Comparable I](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-15-a-candidate-gonococcal-outer-membrane-vesicle-vaccine-which-induces-persistent.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Infectious Disease Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.