---
title: "Theranostics for Infectious Lung Diseases: Biotechnology and Nanotechnology for Precision Care"
id: "pubmed-42549821"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42549821"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/"
doi: "10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060"
published_at: "2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Theranostics for Infectious Lung Diseases: Biotechnology and Nanotechnology for Precision Care
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42549821
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14737159.2026.2714060)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Infectious lung diseases such as **pneumonia**, **tuberculosis (TB)**, **COVID-19**, **influenza**, and emerging fungal infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide and face limitations with current diagnostics and therapies. - Traditional approaches suffer from diagnostic delays, antimicrobial resistance, and non-targeted treatments; theranostics aims to unify diagnostics and therapeutics into precision pulmonary medicine. - Biotechnological tools highlighted include **CRISPR-Cas systems**, **non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)**, and **monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)** for specific pathogen detection and targeted intervention. - Nanotechnology platforms discussed cover **nanosensors**, **surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)**, and diverse nanocarriers: **lipid nanoparticles**, **polymeric nanoparticles**, **liposomes**, **metallic nanoparticles**, **mesoporous silica nanoparticles**, and **biomimetic systems** for drug, gene, and vaccine delivery with enhanced targeting, controlled release, and imaging capabilities. - Integrated case studies examine theranostic applications across COVID-19, influenza, TB, pneumonia, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, showing potential effectiveness of combined approaches. - Key translational challenges include safety concerns, manufacturing complexity, regulatory hurdles for combination products, and questions of economic feasibility and cost-effectiveness. - Future priorities are development of smart, multi-stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms, incorporation of **artificial intelligence** for predictive modeling and treatment optimization, and establishment of closed-loop theranostic systems linking real-time diagnostics with adaptive therapies. - Standardized preclinical models, clear regulatory frameworks, and health economic analyses are necessary to demonstrate value and enable clinical translation. - Successful translation depends on interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, molecular biologists, clinicians, and regulatory specialists to move technologies from bench to bedside.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Online ahead of print. # Theranostic innovation in infectious lung diseases: integrating biotechnology and nanotechnology for precision medicine [Ameneh Jafari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jafari+A&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Asma Manzari-Tavakoli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Manzari-Tavakoli+A&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran."), [Maryam Manzari Tavakoli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Manzari+Tavakoli+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology \(IROST\), Tehran, Iran."), [Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hashemian+SM&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Hamidreza Jamaati](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jamaati+H&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Maryam Akhtari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Akhtari+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Payam Tabarsi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tabarsi+P&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Marzieh Omrani](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Omrani+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. * 3 Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran. * 4 Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 5 Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 6 Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. * PMID: **42549821** * DOI: [ 10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060) Item in Clipboard Review # Theranostic innovation in infectious lung diseases: integrating biotechnology and nanotechnology for precision medicine Ameneh Jafari et al. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Expert Rev Mol Diagn Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Expert+Rev+Mol+Diagn%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Expert+Rev+Mol+Diagn%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/) . 2026 Aug 4. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060. Online ahead of print. ### Authors [Ameneh Jafari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jafari+A&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Asma Manzari-Tavakoli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Manzari-Tavakoli+A&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran."), [Maryam Manzari Tavakoli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Manzari+Tavakoli+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology \(IROST\), Tehran, Iran."), [Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hashemian+SM&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Hamidreza Jamaati](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jamaati+H&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Maryam Akhtari](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Akhtari+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Payam Tabarsi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tabarsi+P&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases \(NRITLD\), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."), [Marzieh Omrani](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Omrani+M&cauthor_id=42549821)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42549821/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.") ### Affiliations * 1 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. * 3 Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran. * 4 Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 5 Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * 6 Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. * PMID: **42549821** * DOI: [ 10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2026.2714060) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Introduction:** Introduction: Infectious lung diseases, including pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19, influenza, and emerging fungal infections, are major causes of illness and death worldwide. Traditional methods have serious limitations such as diagnostic delays, antimicrobial resistance, and non-targeted therapy. Theranostics offers a transformative precision medicine paradigm for pulmonary infections. **Areas covered:** This review looks closely at how biotechnology and nanotechnology synergistically advance theranostic strategies for infectious lung diseases. We explore biotechnological tools including CRISPR-Cas systems, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for detecting specific pathogens and intervening directly. We also discuss nanotechnological platforms such as nanosensors, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and various nanocarriers (lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and biomimetic systems) for drug, gene, and vaccine delivery with better targeting, controlled release, and imaging capabilities. Integrated case studies across major diseases, including COVID-19, influenza, TB, pneumonia, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, demonstrate effective theranostic applications. We also address associated challenges like safety, manufacturing, regulatory hurdles, and economic feasibility. **Expert opinion:** The combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology represents a paradigm shift toward personalized pulmonary medicine. Future success needs to develop smart, multi-stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms, integrating artificial intelligence for predictive modeling and treatment optimization, and establishing closed-loop theranostic systems that connect real-time diagnostics with adaptive therapies. Key priorities include standardized preclinical models, clear regulations for combination products, and health economic analyses demonstrating cost-effectiveness. Interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, molecular biologists, clinicians, and regulatory specialists will be essential to translate these promising platforms from bench to bedside. **Keywords:** Theranostics; biotechnology; infectious lung diseases; nanotechnology; precision medicine. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Respiratory Diseases: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41340279/) Cinar O, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS.Cinar O, et al.Thorac Res Pract. 2025 Dec 1;26(Suppl 1):31-33. doi: 10.4274/ThoracResPract.2025.s012.Thorac Res Pract. 2025.PMID: 41340279Free PMC article. * [ Personality Theories. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475469/) Gallios JM, Iyer V, Kaylor LE.Gallios JM, et al.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.PMID: 42475469Free Books & Documents. * [ Engineering strategies and translational progress in targeted nanoparticle drug delivery. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42547457/) Ajay N, Shibi Anilkumar A, Veerabathiran R.Ajay N, et al.Ther Deliv. 2026 Aug 3:1-25. doi: 10.1080/20415990.2026.2713917. Online ahead of print.Ther Deliv. 2026.PMID: 42547457Review. * [ Tuberculosis. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30212088/) Bloom BR, Atun R, Cohen T, Dye C, Fraser H, Gomez GB, Knight G, Murray M, Nardell E, Rubin E, Salomon J, Vassall A, Volchenkov G, White R, Wilson D, Yadav P.Bloom BR, et al.In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, Jha P, editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. Chapter 11.In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, Jha P, editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. Chapter 11.PMID: 30212088Free Books & Documents.Review. * [ [Design and synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers and their applications in medical diagnosis and biocatalysis]. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41641521/) Song Q, Li X, Lyu Y.Song Q, et al.Se Pu. 2026 Feb 8;44(2):134-150. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.06013.Se Pu. 2026.PMID: 41641521Free PMC article.Review.Chinese. 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