---
title: "Virtual Viruses in a Spatial Minimal Cell: Modeling P1 and MV-L1 Development"
id: "biorxiv-23-constructing-virtual-viruses-in-a-spatial-minimal-cell"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-23-constructing-virtual-viruses-in-a-spatial-minimal-cell"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Infectious Disease"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-23T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Virtual Viruses in a Spatial Minimal Cell: Modeling P1 and MV-L1 Development
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-23-constructing-virtual-viruses-in-a-spatial-minimal-cell
- **Specialty:** [Infectious Disease](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/infectious-disease.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-23T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The preprint describes construction of **virtual viruses** inside a spatial minimal cell based on **JCVI-syn3A**, linking molecular processes to particle behavior within a defined cell model. - Two phage systems are reconstructed: **mycoplasma virus P1**, for which expression and replication are connected to coarse-grained packaging and a spatial reconstruction of membrane opening and particle release; and **Acholeplasma phage MV-L1 (L1)**, which shows gene expression and genome accumulation while the host cell continues to grow. - For P1, individual finite-size particles are simulated to coexist inside the cell, move across the cell boundary, undergo partial crossings and returns, and eventually complete exit events, indicating dynamic interactions with the membrane during release. - For L1, viral activity co-occurs with continued host growth and development of a constricted host shape; this behavior is qualitatively consistent with the **non-lytic** biology attributed to group 1 acholeplasmaviruses. - The work extends previous virtual-cell efforts by incorporating viruses that develop within the cell, explicitly connecting molecular activity (expression and replication), emergent particle behavior, and host growth dynamics in spatial reconstructions. - The publication is a bioRxiv preprint posted September 23, 2026, and has not undergone peer review. - Authors report no competing interests. Funding sources include the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers reported in the source). - Code and resources are indicated to be available via a GitHub repository referenced in the article footnotes. Details on full methods, quantitative parameters, and supplementary data are referenced but specific experimental or computational parameters were not reported in the abstract provided here.
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Weize Sun Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Weize%2BSun%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sun%20W&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AWeize%2BSun%2B) Yong Tang Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Yong%2BTang%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tang%20Y&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AYong%2BTang%2B) Mingyue Qiu Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Mingyue%2BQiu%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Qiu%20M&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AMingyue%2BQiu%2B) Jintao Li Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Jintao%2BLi%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Li%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJintao%2BLi%2B) Fei Luo Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Fei%2BLuo%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Luo%20F&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AFei%2BLuo%2B) Ce Dou Army Medical University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Ce%2BDou%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dou%20C&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ACe%2BDou%2B) * [ORCID record for Ce Dou](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-6354 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: lance.douce@gmail.com * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5803894/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5803894/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5803894/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5803894/1) * [Data/Code](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1.external-links)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_data_code/node:5803894/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.22.753465v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5803894/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Viral development links gene expression and genome replication to particle formation within a cell. Here we construct virtual viruses in a JCVI-syn3A-based spatial minimal cell. For mycoplasma virus P1, molecular events connect expression and replication to coarse-grained packaging, followed by a spatial reconstruction of membrane opening and particle release. Individual finite-size particles coexist, move across the boundary and undergo partial crossings and returns before complete exit. In contrast, Acholeplasma phage MV-L1 (L1) expresses its genes and accumulates genomes as the host continues to grow and develops a constricted shape. The coexistence of viral activity and continued host growth is qualitatively consistent with the non-lytic biology of group 1 acholeplasmaviruses. These reconstructions extend the virtual cell to the viruses that develop within it, linking molecular activity, particle behavior and host growth. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Footnotes * ## Funder Information Declared National Natural Science Foundation of China, 82572785, U23A20413 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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