---
title: "Carbon monoxide exposure may explain lower Parkinson's risk linked to smoking"
id: "medical-news-today-0-why-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinson-s-risk-it-s-not-the-nicotine"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-why-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinson-s-risk-it-s-not-the-nicotine"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Neurology"
source_name: "Medical News Today"
source_url: "https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinsons-risk-its-not-the-nicotine/"
published_at: "2026-09-11T14:30:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Carbon monoxide exposure may explain lower Parkinson's risk linked to smoking
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-why-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinson-s-risk-it-s-not-the-nicotine
- **Specialty:** [Neurology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/neurology.md)
- **Primary Source:** Medical News Today
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinsons-risk-its-not-the-nicotine/)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-11T14:30:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- A large new analysis published in JAMA Neurology investigated the long-observed association between smoking and a lower risk of **Parkinson's disease**. - The researchers used data from the China Kadoorie Biobank, including 512,701 participants drawn from 10 urban and rural areas; mean baseline age was about 52 years. - The study found that both a history of **smoking** and higher levels of **exhaled carbon monoxide (CO)** were associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. - Notably, people who had never smoked but who had elevated exhaled CO also showed a reduced Parkinson's risk, suggesting a role for **carbon monoxide** independent of active smoking behavior. - Higher exhaled CO was not associated with a lower risk of other neurodegenerative diseases, according to the report. - Prior laboratory studies in cells and animals had suggested possible protective actions of carbon monoxide, while rodent data and observational human studies had previously pointed to nicotine as a candidate protective factor. - A recent randomized clinical trial found no benefit of **nicotine** therapy for people with Parkinson's disease and indicated nicotine might worsen symptoms, weakening the nicotine-protection hypothesis. - The authors conclude that CO exposure may partly explain the paradoxical epidemiologic link between smoking and lower Parkinson's risk; however, the JINA source did not report detailed measures, effect sizes, exposure assessment methods, or adjusted hazard ratios from the study. - Important context: Parkinson's prevalence has risen substantially worldwide; the World Health Organization estimates it has doubled over the past 25 years. The underlying causes of Parkinson's likely involve genetic and environmental factors. - The source article did not provide full methodological details or quantitative outcomes from the JAMA Neurology paper in the excerpt available here; those specifics were not reported in the provided text.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Care](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parkinsons-disease-self-care) * Stages Stages Related Articles * [Symptoms & Stages](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320476) * [Early Onset](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320527) * [Advanced](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/advanced-parkinsons-disease) * Surgery Surgery Related Articles * [Surgical Options](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parkinsons-surgery) # Why smokers may have a lower Parkinson's risk: It's not the nicotine ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_James_McIntosh.png?w=105&h=105) Written by James McIntosh on September 11, 2026 — Fact checked by Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D. ![portrait of contemplative middle aged Asian man](https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/09/getty_1204392389_header_1296x728-1024x575.jpg)[Share on Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-smokers-may-have-a-lower-parkinsons-risk-its-not-the-nicotine&media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.post.rvohealth.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2026%2F09%2Fgetty_1204392389_header_1296x728-1024x575.jpg&description=Smoking%20linked%20to%20lower%20Parkinson's%20risk%3A%20What's%20the%20explanation%3F "Share on Pinterest")What explains the unexpected link between smoking and lower Parkinson’s risk? Nikada/ Getty Images * ****Smoking history and exhaled carbon monoxide levels are both associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.**** * **In a new study, researchers set out to better understand this link. They found that participants who had not smoked but had high exhaled carbon monoxide levels also had lower risk of Parkinson’s disease.** * **Having higher exhaled carbon monoxide levels was not linked to a lower risk of other neurodegenerative diseases.** A new study may have shed some light on the peculiar association between smoking and a lower risk of developing [Parkinson’s disease](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323396). The study, published in [JAMA NeurologyTrusted Source](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2853694), reports that exposure to carbon monoxide may contribute to this link. Parkinson’s disease is a brain condition that is growing increasingly common. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that its prevalence [has doubledTrusted Source](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease) in the past 25 years. The disease causes damage to nerve cells in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra, resulting in symptoms such as [tremors](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parkinsons-tremor) and coordination problems. Some people with Parkinson’s go on to develop [dementia](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314486) over time. Experts are unsure what causes Parkinson’s at present, but believe that genetic changes or environmental exposures may play a role. ## Smoking cigarettes does not actually improve Parkinson’s [Previous population studies](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2836869/) have noticed a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease among people who smoke. **While[studies in rodent models](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3685410/) led researchers to suggest that nicotine might have some kind of protective effect, a [recent randomized clinical trial](https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/EVIDoa2200311) found that nicotine therapy provided no benefit to people with Parkinson’s. In fact, the trial suggested the nicotine may have even made their symptoms worse.** Other studies in cells and animals have suggested that [carbon monoxide](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171876), another by-product of smoking, might also play a [protective role](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11341721/). As a result, an international team of researchers set out to see how carbon monoxide exposure might relate to the risk of Parkinson’s disease. The researchers examined data from 512,701 participants in the [China Kadoorie Biobank](https://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/research/china-kadoorie-biobank), a cohort coming from 10 different urban and rural areas within China. The participants had a mean average of 52 years at the beginning of the study. Participants provided information
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