---
title: "Microbiota and the gut–oral–brain axis in brain tumour biology and treatment"
id: "nature-reviews-neurology-0-the-emerging-role-of-microbiota-in-neuro-oncology"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/nature-reviews-neurology-0-the-emerging-role-of-microbiota-in-neuro-oncology"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Neurology"
source_name: "Nature Reviews Neurology"
source_url: "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z"
published_at: "2026-09-21T11:53:51.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Microbiota and the gut–oral–brain axis in brain tumour biology and treatment
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/nature-reviews-neurology-0-the-emerging-role-of-microbiota-in-neuro-oncology
- **Specialty:** [Neurology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/neurology.md)
- **Primary Source:** Nature Reviews Neurology
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-21T11:53:51.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Emerging evidence links distant microbial communities with brain tumour biology via the **gut–oral–brain axis**, suggesting gut and oral microbes can influence the central nervous system and the tumour microenvironment. - Distinct gut and oral microbial signatures have been reported in association with primary and metastatic **brain tumours**; preclinical models show that microbiota modulation can alter tumour growth and treatment response. - Clinical data indicate that some primary and metastatic brain tumours may harbour **intratumoural microbial elements**, though detection in low-biomass tissues is technically challenging and carries high contamination risk. - Technical hurdles in studying microbes in brain tumours include low microbial biomass, contamination risk, and the need for standardized experimental, clinical and computational approaches; the source emphasizes rigorous design and validation but specific protocols were not detailed. - Preclinical evidence links microbiota changes to chemotherapy efficacy (for example, temozolomide) and to immune modulation within glioma models; exact mechanisms and human translational data remain limited in the source. - The Review highlights translational opportunities: leveraging microbiota to improve therapy, using microbial signatures as biomarkers, and targeting intratumoural microbes, while noting that clinical impact requires further standardized, reproducible studies. - The article summarizes existing literature, describes figures depicting the **gut–oral–brain axis** and intratumoural bacterial elements, and calls for future directions to move the field toward clinical application.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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[nature](https://www.nature.com/) 2. [nature reviews neurology](https://www.nature.com/nrneurol) 3. [review articles](https://www.nature.com/nrneurol/articles?type=review-article) 4. article * Review Article * Published: 21 September 2026 # The emerging role of microbiota in neuro-oncology * [Golnaz Morad](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#auth-Golnaz-Morad-Aff1) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9460-618X](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9460-618X)[1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff1), * [Rebecca A. Soto](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#auth-Rebecca_A_-Soto-Aff2-Aff3)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff2),[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff3), * [Nadim J. Ajami](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#auth-Nadim_J_-Ajami-Aff2-Aff3) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3808-8576](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3808-8576)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff2),[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff3), * [Sherise D. Ferguson](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#auth-Sherise_D_-Ferguson-Aff4)[4](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff4) & * … * [Jennifer A. Wargo](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#auth-Jennifer_A_-Wargo-Aff2-Aff3-Aff5) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3438-7576](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3438-7576)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff2),[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff3),[5](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#Aff5) Show authors [_Nature Reviews Neurology_](https://www.nature.com/nrneurol) (2026) [Cite this article](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z#citeas) [ Save article ](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-026-01266-z/save-research?_csrf=g0UVL9A_SNWPVVs4ZF5qV6c4ZoN5z39f) [ View saved research ](https://www.nature.com/saved-research) ## Abstract Primary and metastatic brain tumours are associated with poor clinical outcomes, largely owing to limited therapeutic advances and an incomplete understanding of brain tumour biology. Increasing evidence suggests that microbial communities play an important part in shaping systemic immunity and tumour biology. Microbes and microbial by-products from the gut and oral cavity can influence the central nervous system through the gut–oral–brain axis, providing potential mechanisms by which distant microbes shape the brain tumour microenvironment. A growing body of literature has identified distinct gut and oral microbial signatures associated with brain tumours and demonstrated that microbiota modulation can influence tumour growth and treatment response in preclinical models. In addition, emerging clinical data indicate that primary and metastatic brain tumours can harbour intracellular microbial elements. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of the gut and oral microbiota and intratumoural microbial elements in brain tumour biology and treatment response. We present the technical challenges inherent to microbial studies in brain tumours due to low biomass and the high risk of contamination, and discuss key clinical, experimental and computational considerations needed for rigorous experimental design and standardized methodologies. Last, we discuss translational opportunities and future directions for moving the field towards clinical impact. This is a preview of subscription content, [access via your institution](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41582-026-01266-z) ## Access options [ Access through your institution ](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41582-026-01266-z) Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time [Learn more](https://shop.nature.com/products/plus/?region=ROW) Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 176,64 € per year only 14,72 € per issue [Learn more](https://www.nature.com/nrneurol/subscribe) Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ### Additional access options: * [Log in](https://idp.nature.com/authorize/natureuser?client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41582-026-01266-z) * [Learn about institutional subscriptions](https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/license-options) * [Read our FAQs](https://support.nature.com/en/support/home) * [Contact customer support](https://www.springernature.com/gp/contact) **Fig. 1: Role of gut–oral–brain axis in primary and metastatic brain tumours.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41582-026-01266-z/MediaObjects/41582_2026_1266_Fig1_HTML.png) **Fig. 2: Intratumoural bacterial elements in primary and metastatic brain tumours.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41582-026-01266-z/MediaObjects/41582_2026_1266_Fig2_HTML.png) ### Explore related subjects Discover the latest articles and news in related subjects. * [Diseases of the nervous system](https://www.nature.com/subjects/diseases-of-the-nervous-system) * [Microbiology](https://www.nature.com/subjects/microbiology) ## References 1. 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