---
title: "Semi-dry, Visually Comfortable c-VEP BCI with Short Calibration and VR Proof-of-Concept"
id: "biorxiv-2-a-semi-dry-visually-comfortable-c-vep-bci-with-short-calibration-conservative"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-2-a-semi-dry-visually-comfortable-c-vep-bci-with-short-calibration-conservative"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Neurology"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-10-05T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Semi-dry, Visually Comfortable c-VEP BCI with Short Calibration and VR Proof-of-Concept
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-2-a-semi-dry-visually-comfortable-c-vep-bci-with-short-calibration-conservative
- **Specialty:** [Neurology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/neurology.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-05T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Background: **code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs)** are fast, reliable control signals for reactive brain-computer interfaces (rBCIs) but face barriers for real-world use including intrusive stimulation, reliance on wet EEG, and false activations during idle states. - Objective: Introduce a usability-oriented c-VEP rBCI combining low-salience textured stimulation, slow flashing codes, asynchronous evidence accumulation, and **semi-dry EEG** to address comfort, calibration time, and idle-state behavior. - Participants and tasks: Thirty participants performed an 11-class keypad typing task on a standard screen in two identical online sessions separated by a 2-minute video-viewing explicit idle condition. A VR proof-of-concept shell-game task tested feasibility under head movements and immersive rendering constraints. - Calibration and online performance (screen keypad): The system required 33 seconds of calibration data and achieved 99.8% accuracy with a mean decoding time of 4.3 seconds on the keypad task. - Idle-state behavior: During the tested 2-minute explicit idle period, no spurious commands were recorded, indicating conservative asynchronous decision-making. - VR performance: In the VR proof-of-concept, online accuracy reached 100% with a mean decoding time of 5.6 seconds despite head movements and immersive constraints. - Usability outcomes: Participants reported high **visual comfort** and minimal peripheral distraction in both screen and VR conditions; reported fatigue was higher in VR. - Conclusions: The proposed approach combines short calibration, high accuracy, comfortable stimulation, semi-dry EEG, and asynchronous decision-making, supporting the feasibility of wearable, practical **c-VEP** systems for self-paced interaction beyond lab settings. - Limitations and next steps reported by authors: The authors recommend evaluation in longer idle periods and in real-world tasks; the report is a preprint and has not undergone peer review.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Frederic dehais 1 ISAE-SUPAERO; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Frederic%2Bdehais%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=dehais%20F&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AFrederic%2Bdehais%2B) * [ORCID record for Frederic dehais](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-7919 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: frederic.dehais@isae.fr Emilio Maggi 2 ISAE SUPAERO * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Emilio%2BMaggi%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Maggi%20E&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AEmilio%2BMaggi%2B) Kalou Cabrera-Castillos 1 ISAE-SUPAERO; * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Kalou%2BCabrera-Castillos%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cabrera-Castillos%20K&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AKalou%2BCabrera-Castillos%2B) * [ORCID record for Kalou Cabrera-Castillos](http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3501-5885 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5840324/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5840324/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5840324/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5840324/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Background and Objectives: Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) provide fast and reliable control signals for reactive brain-computer interfaces (rBCIs). However, deployment beyond laboratories remains limited by visually intrusive stimulation, reliance on wet electroencephalography (EEG), and false activations during non-control periods. We introduce a usability-oriented c-VEP rBCI combining low-salience textured stimulation, slow flashing codes, asynchronous evidence accumulation, and semi-dry EEG acquisition. Methods: Thirty participants evaluated the system on a standard screen using an 11-class keypad typing task. Two identical online typing sessions were separated by a 2-min video-viewing period serving as an explicit idle condition. Feasibility was then assessed in virtual reality (VR) through a proof-of-concept shell-game task involving head movements and immersive rendering constraints. Visual comfort, peripheral distraction, and fatigue were assessed subjectively in both conditions. Results: In the keypad task, the system achieved 99.8% accuracy with 33 s of calibration data and a mean decoding time of 4.3 s. No spurious commands occurred during the tested 2-min idle condition. In VR, online accuracy reached 100%, with a mean decoding time of 5.6 s. Participants reported high visual comfort and minimal peripheral distraction in both conditions, although fatigue was higher in VR. Conclusion: The proposed c-VEP rBCI combines short calibration, high accuracy, comfortable stimulation, semi-dry EEG, and asynchronous decision-making. Performance during the explicit idle condition and VR implementation support the feasibility of wearable and practical c-VEP systems for self-paced interaction beyond laboratory environments. These findings encourage evaluation in longer idle periods and real-world tasks. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Funder Information Declared Agence de l'innovation de défense, https://ror.org/04mdawb03, VIPER AXA Research Fund, https://ror.org/02zxqxw53, Neuroergonomics Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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[ Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.full.pdf) Print/Save Options [Download PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.09.29.754884.full.pdf)Full Text & In-line FiguresXML [More Info](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#PrintOptions "More Information on Print/Save Options") [ Email](https://www.biorxiv.org/ "Email this Article") [ Share](https://www.biorxiv.org/) A Semi-Dry, Visually Comfortable c-VEP BCI with Short Calibration, Conservative Idle-State Behavior, and a VR Proof of Concept Frederic dehais, Emilio Maggi, Kalou Cabrera-Castillos bioRxiv 2026.09.29.754884; doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. 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