---
title: "Weight and Glucose Associations With Myasthenia Gravis: Mendelian Randomization and Case-Control F"
id: "pubmed-42670586"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42670586"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Neurology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/"
doi: "10.1002/brb3.71726"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Weight and Glucose Associations With Myasthenia Gravis: Mendelian Randomization and Case-Control F
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42670586
- **Specialty:** [Neurology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/neurology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/)
- **DOI:** [10.1002/brb3.71726](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbrb3.71726)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study evaluated links between **weight**, **glucose levels**, and risk of **myasthenia gravis (MG)** using a two-step, two-sample **Mendelian randomization (MR)** analysis and a retrospective case-control clinical study. - MR used genome-wide association study summary statistics from European-ancestry populations to estimate genetically predicted effects of weight and glucose on MG risk. - MR results indicated associations among genetically predicted weight, genetically predicted glucose levels, and MG risk, suggesting possible causal relationships driven by genetic instruments. - The MR analyses produced a small indirect estimate of weight on MG that operated through glucose levels; this indirect estimate was in the opposite direction to the direct and total effects. - The opposing-direction indirect estimate was sensitive to the inferential method used in MR, indicating potential instability or methodological dependence of that finding. - A retrospective clinical case-control component included patients with MG and healthy controls with analyses using propensity-score matching and logistic regression to examine observed associations; specific sample sizes and effect estimates were not reported in the source summary. - The abstract notes that the opposing-direction indirect estimate was not observed in t—(text truncated), and additional details, full statistical results, and some methodological specifics were not reported in the provided source text. - Overall, the combined genetic and observational approaches aimed to clarify whether body weight and glucose regulation relate to MG risk, but some results were method-sensitive and the clinical-data summary lacked full detail in the source provided.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Lin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lin+H&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Jinrong Zhu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhu+J&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Xi Qu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Qu+X&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Shenyi Lin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lin+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Shengqi Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yukai Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Jiaxuan Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+J&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Ruting Wei](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wei+R&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yanyi Pan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pan+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Xinran Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+X&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Ruizi Xu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xu+R&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Suwen Huang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Huang+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yiyun Weng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weng+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 2 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 3 The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 4 The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 5 Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42670586** * DOI: [ 10.1002/brb3.71726 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71726) Item in Clipboard # Associations of Weight and Glucose Levels With Myasthenia Gravis: A Two-Step, Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization and Retrospective Case-Control Study Hai Lin et al. Brain Behav. 2026 Sep. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Brain Behav Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Brain+Behav%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Brain+Behav%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/) . 2026 Sep;16(9):e71726. doi: 10.1002/brb3.71726. ### Authors [Hai Lin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lin+H&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Jinrong Zhu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhu+J&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Xi Qu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Qu+X&cauthor_id=42670586)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Shenyi Lin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lin+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Shengqi Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yukai Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Jiaxuan Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+J&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Ruting Wei](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wei+R&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yanyi Pan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pan+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-4 "The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Xinran Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+X&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-3 "The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Ruizi Xu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xu+R&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Suwen Huang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Huang+S&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China."), [Yiyun Weng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weng+Y&cauthor_id=42670586)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42670586/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 2 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 3 The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 4 The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. * 5 Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42670586** * DOI: [ 10.1002/brb3.71726 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71726) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Previous studies suggested links between obesity, glucose regulation, and autoimmune diseases, but the associations of weight and glucose levels with myasthenia gravis (MG) remain uncertain. We examined these associations and a potential indirect pathway through glucose levels. **Objective:** We investigated the associations of weight and glucose levels with MG risk using Mendelian randomization (MR) and a retrospective case-control study. **Methods:** We conducted two-sample MR analyses using genome-wide association study summary statistics from European populations. The clinical component retrospectively included patients with MG and healthy controls and used propensity-score matching and logistic regression. **Results:** The MR analyses suggested associations among genetically predicted weight, glucose levels, and MG risk. They also yielded a small indirect estimate through glucose levels that was opposite in direction to the direct and total effects. This opposing-direction indirect estimate was sensitive to the inferential method and was not observed in t
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