---
title: "Clinical toxicity of ADCs and ICI–ADC combinations: mechanisms, organ patterns and management"
id: "nature-reviews-clinical-oncology-0-clinical-toxicity-of-adcs-and-ici-adc-combinations-mechanisms-patterns-and"
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content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Oncology"
source_name: "Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology"
source_url: "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1"
published_at: "2026-07-30T09:37:51.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Clinical toxicity of ADCs and ICI–ADC combinations: mechanisms, organ patterns and management
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
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- **Specialty:** [Oncology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- **Primary Source:** Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1)
- **Published At:** 2026-07-30T09:37:51.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Antibody–drug conjugates (**ADCs**) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (**ICIs**) are increasingly combined in cancer therapy, creating overlapping toxicities that can affect the same organs and complicate attribution. - The authors propose a unified, mechanism-informed framework linking three interacting layers: **immune activation**, **payload cytotoxicity**, and **payload-independent** effects (target, platform and host determinants). - Common payload-class organ signatures are identified: interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis with **deruxtecan**, diarrhoea and neutropenia with **SN-38**, cumulative peripheral neuropathy with **MMAE**, keratopathy with **MMAF**, and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome with **calicheamicin**-containing conjugates. - In ICI–ADC combinations, adverse events involving overlapping organs (lungs, skin, liver, colon) should generally be managed as immune-mediated unless a clear cytotoxic pattern is predominant or proven. - For grade ≥2 toxicities in combination therapy, both agents should be held pending evaluation and management. - The Review provides severity-based algorithms to standardize clinical work-up, steroid dosing and escalation to biologics, and to guide auditable, stepwise decisions about treatment resumption and rechallenge after toxicity resolution. - The authors call for minimum reporting standards to harmonize toxicity phenotyping, including baseline risk assessment, surveillance and outcome reporting after treatment resumption, to enable cross-trial comparison and biomarker discovery. - Resource-stratified workflows are suggested so centres with limited infrastructure can adapt surveillance and rescue strategies for ADC and ICI–ADC toxicities. - Figures in the article map the toxicity spectrum across ICIs and ADCs, present the unified mechanistic–clinical framework, and a failure-mode map linking payload-independent ADC effects to organ-level toxicity signatures. - Overall, the Review emphasizes mechanism-informed evaluation and standardized algorithms to improve management, reporting and safer regimen development for ADC monotherapy and ICI–ADC combinations.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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[nature](https://www.nature.com/) 2. [nature reviews clinical oncology](https://www.nature.com/nrclinonc) 3. [review articles](https://www.nature.com/nrclinonc/articles?type=review-article) 4. article * Review Article * Published: 30 July 2026 # Clinical toxicity of ADCs and ICI–ADC combinations: mechanisms, patterns and management * [Solange Peters](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#auth-Solange-Peters-Aff1)[1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff1), * [Petros Grivas](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#auth-Petros-Grivas-Aff2-Aff3) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-3394](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-3394)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff2),[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff3), * [Christophe Massard](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#auth-Christophe-Massard-Aff4-Aff5)[4](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff4),[5](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff5), * [Sara M. Tolaney](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#auth-Sara_M_-Tolaney-Aff6) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5940-8671](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5940-8671)[6](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff6) & * … * [Michel Obeid](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#auth-Michel-Obeid-Aff7)[7](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#Aff7) Show authors [_Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology_](https://www.nature.com/nrclinonc) (2026) [Cite this article](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1#citeas) [ Save article ](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-026-01188-1/save-research?_csrf=mEZuDifvETiP9S5TTiPeocW_LzlWuBDQ) [ View saved research ](https://www.nature.com/saved-research) ## Abstract Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have reshaped cancer therapy both as monotherapy and in combination. However, these drug classes have toxicity profiles that, despite arising from different biological mechanisms, often converge on the same organs. Given that ICI–ADC combinations are moving into earlier lines of treatment, including curative-intent settings, clinicians increasingly face overlapping pulmonary, hepatic, gastrointestinal and cutaneous adverse events with uncertain attribution, and the management of toxicities during the acute event and subsequent treatment resumption and the management of rechallenge after toxicity resolution remain variable. In this Review, we propose a unified, mechanism-informed framework that links three interacting layers: immune activation, payload cytotoxicity and payload-independent effects (from target, platform and host-related determinants). We compare organ-level patterns across major payload classes, highlight consistent organ signatures and provide practical algorithms for evaluation, initial management and treatment resumption in patients receiving ADC monotherapy or ICI–ADC combinations. Finally, we propose minimum reporting standards to harmonize toxicity phenotyping and enable cross-trial comparisons, biomarker discovery and the development of safer regimens. ## Key points * The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) in combination creates overlapping toxicity profiles with uncertain attribution; a unified framework is needed to distinguish toxicities to immune activation, payload cytotoxicity and payload-independent ADC determinants as well as for guiding management. * Common payload-class signatures include interstitial lung disease and pneumonitis with deruxtecan, diarrhoea and neutropenia with SN-38, cumulative peripheral neuropathy with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), keratopathy with monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome with calicheamicin-containing conjugates. * In patients receiving ICI–ADC combinations, toxicities affecting overlap organs (lungs, skin or liver, and colon) should be managed as immune-mediated unless a clear cytotoxic pattern is predominant or demonstrated; if grade ≥2 toxicities occur, both agents must be held. * We propose severity-based algorithms for the management of ICI–ADC-related toxicities that will help to standardize clinical work-up, dosing and escalation of steroids and biological agents, and support auditable, stepwise treatment rechallenge decisions. * We also propose a minimum reporting standard that specifies baseline risk assessment, surveillance and outcome reporting after resuming treatment. * Healthcare centres in settings with limited access to the proposed infrastructure for managing toxicities from ADCs alone or in ICI–ADC combinations can apply resource-stratified workflows to adapt surveillance and rescue strategies. This is a preview of subscription content, [access via your institution](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41571-026-01188-1) ## Access options [ Access through your institution ](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41571-026-01188-1) Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time [Learn more](https://shop.nature.com/products/plus/?region=ROW) Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 176,64 € per year only 14,72 € per issue [Learn more](https://www.nature.com/nrclinonc/subscribe) Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ### Additional access options: * [Log in](https://idp.nature.com/authorize/natureuser?client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41571-026-01188-1) * [Learn about institutional subscriptions](https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/license-options) * [Read our FAQs](https://support.nature.com/en/support/home) * [Contact customer support](https://www.springernature.com/gp/contact) **Fig. 1: Overview of the toxicity spectrum across immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody–drug conjugates.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41571-026-01188-1/MediaObjects/41571_2026_1188_Fig1_HTML.png) **Fig. 2: Unified mechanistic–clinical framework across antibody–drug conjugates and immune checkpoint inhibitors.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41571-026-01188-1/MediaObjects/41571_2026_1188_Fig2_HTML.png) **Fig. 3: Mechanistic ‘failure-mode’ map linking antibody–drug conjugate payload-independent effects to organ-level toxicity signatures.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41571-026-01188-1/MediaObjects/41571_2026_1188_Fig3_HTML.png) ## References 1. 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