---
title: "Psychological and Personality Determinants of Pain Perception During Mammography: Cross-Sectional"
id: "pubmed-42640226"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42640226"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Oncology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/"
doi: "10.2196/92804"
published_at: "2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Psychological and Personality Determinants of Pain Perception During Mammography: Cross-Sectional
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42640226
- **Specialty:** [Oncology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/)
- **DOI:** [10.2196/92804](https://doi.org/10.2196%2F92804)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-25T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This protocol describes a cross-sectional study in Cyprus examining how **psychological factors** (anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing) and **personality traits** influence pain perception during routine mammography. - The study targets approximately 380 women aged 35–75 undergoing screening at public and private radiology centers; recruitment began March 2026 and expanded to include a public center. - Primary outcome is perceived pain intensity during mammography measured immediately after the exam with a Visual Analog Scale. - Main independent variables are scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for anxiety/depression, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). - Participants complete the PHQ-4, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, TIPI, and a demographic/clinical questionnaire prior to the mammogram. - Secondary analyses will assess demographic and clinical characteristics and prior mammography experience (including first-time vs repeat) as contributors to pain perception. - Statistical approach includes descriptive statistics, Pearson or Spearman correlations, and hierarchical multiple linear regression models adjusted for relevant confounders. - The study follows STROBE reporting guidance for observational research. - Recruitment and data collection were ongoing through June 2026 (50 participants enrolled) with anticipated completion of data collection by September 2026 and analysis by December 2026; manuscript submission planned for 2027. - If associations are confirmed, authors propose that early identification and management of relevant psychological factors could improve the mammography experience and potentially increase screening adherence. Details about specific sample size calculations, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and analytic covariates were not reported in the abstract.
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Nursing, Frederick University, Gianni Freiderikou 7, Nicosia, Nicosia, 1036, Cyprus, 357 22394394. * 2 Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, West Greece, Greece. * PMID: **42640226** * DOI: [ 10.2196/92804 ](https://doi.org/10.2196/92804) Item in Clipboard # Psychological Factors and Personality Traits Influencing the Experience and Perception of Pain in Women Undergoing Mammography: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study Irene Neophytou et al. JMIR Res Protoc. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID JMIR Res Protoc Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22JMIR+Res+Protoc%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22JMIR+Res+Protoc%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/) . 2026 Aug 25:15:e92804. doi: 10.2196/92804. ### Authors [Irene Neophytou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Neophytou+I&cauthor_id=42640226)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Nursing, Frederick University, Gianni Freiderikou 7, Nicosia, Nicosia, 1036, Cyprus, 357 22394394."), [George Charalambous](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Charalambous+G&cauthor_id=42640226)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Nursing, Frederick University, Gianni Freiderikou 7, Nicosia, Nicosia, 1036, Cyprus, 357 22394394."), [Eleni Jelastopulu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jelastopulu+E&cauthor_id=42640226)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640226/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, West Greece, Greece.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Nursing, Frederick University, Gianni Freiderikou 7, Nicosia, Nicosia, 1036, Cyprus, 357 22394394. * 2 Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, West Greece, Greece. * PMID: **42640226** * DOI: [ 10.2196/92804 ](https://doi.org/10.2196/92804) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Breast cancer screening through mammography is essential for early detection and improved survival; however, pain and discomfort during the procedure remain major barriers to women's participation. Pain perception during mammography is influenced not only by technical factors but also by psychological variables such as anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, and personality traits. Despite growing evidence, findings on the role of psychological factors remain inconsistent, and the contribution of personality traits remains largely unexplored, highlighting the need for further investigation. **Objective:** This study aims to investigate associations among psychological factors (anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing), Ten-Item Personality Inventory personality traits, and pain perception and experience in women undergoing routine mammography at public and private radiology centers in Cyprus. The study hypothesizes that higher anxiety levels and first-time mammography experience are associated with greater perceived pain during mammography. **Methods:** This cross-sectional study will include approximately 380 women aged 35 to 75 years undergoing routine screening mammography at public and private radiology centers in Cyprus. Participants will complete the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, and a demographic and clinical questionnaire before the examination. The primary outcome will be perceived pain intensity during mammography, assessed immediately after the examination using a Visual Analog Scale. Psychological factors, including anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, and personality traits, will be evaluated as the main independent variables. Secondary analyses will examine the role of demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as previous mammography experience, in pain perception. Descriptive statistics will summarize participant characteristics, and associations between study variables and pain intensity will be examined using Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses and hierarchical multiple linear regression models adjusted for relevant confounders. The study will be conducted and reported in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for observational studies. **Results:** Participant recruitment and data collection began in March 2026. By June 2026, 50 women had been enrolled in the study. Recruitment and data collection are expected to continue through September 2026. Data analysis is anticipated to be completed by December 2026, with dissemination of findings and manuscript submission planned for 2027. Following study initiation, the study setting was expanded to include a public radiology center to facilitate recruitment and enhance sample representativeness. **Conclusions:** If the study findings support the proposed associations, early identification and management of psychological factors related to pain perception during mammography may improve women's overall experience, enhance comfort during the procedure, and potentially increase adherence to breast cancer screening programs. **Keywords:** anxiety; depression; pain; pain catastrophizing; screening mammography. © Irene Neophytou, George Charalambous, Eleni Jelastopulu. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org). 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