---
title: "SIX1 promotes AML progression via glycolytic reprogramming and suppression of CD8⁺ T-cell function"
id: "pubmed-42693356"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42693356"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Oncology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/"
doi: "10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0"
published_at: "2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# SIX1 promotes AML progression via glycolytic reprogramming and suppression of CD8⁺ T-cell function
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42693356
- **Specialty:** [Oncology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12026-026-09803-0)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The homeobox gene **SIX1** is up-regulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells compared with stromal cells according to the study. - Researchers profiled SIX1 expression by RT-qPCR in human bone marrow stromal cells (HS-5) and multiple AML cell lines, including HL-60, SKM-1, THP-1, KG-1, NB4, and MOLM13. - Genetic manipulation of MOLM13 cells produced SIX1-knockdown and SIX1-overexpressing models using RNA interference and plasmid transfection to assess function. - SIX1 promoted MOLM13 cell proliferation and altered cell cycle distribution, as measured by flow cytometry, EdU incorporation, and MTT assays. - SIX1 increased glycolytic activity in leukemia cells, evidenced by changes in intracellular glucose, lactate, and ATP levels measured by flow cytometry and ELISA; mitochondrial content was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. - Co-culture of genetically modified MOLM13 cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors under low-glucose conditions showed that SIX1 suppressed **CD8⁺ T-cell** effector function and altered cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ). - In an AML mouse model, SIX1 expression correlated with reduced CD8⁺ T-cell function and with broad metabolic changes in vivo characterized by global metabolomics. - Global metabolomics in AML mice associated SIX1 with extensive alterations in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism, consistent with metabolic reprogramming. - The authors conclude that SIX1 facilitates AML progression by promoting a **glycolytic** phenotype in leukemia cells and potentially impairing CD8⁺ T-cell effector function through metabolic competition. - The study was approved by institutional ethics committees and complied with animal care guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki; authors reported no competing interests.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693356%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/c24ab723-7c80-48cd-9c68-022ded852586/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693356%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42693356%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#conflict-of-interest) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#references) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#substances) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement References MeSH terms Substances Immunol Res Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immunol+Res%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Immunol+Res%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) . 2026 Sep 4;74(1):100. doi: 10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0. # SIX1 drives acute myeloid leukemia progression by reprogramming glycolytic metabolism and impairing CD8⁺ T-cell effector function [Hui Hou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hou+H&cauthor_id=42693356)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010020, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Ruijun Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+R&cauthor_id=42693356)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Lei Zhao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhao+L&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Yan Ma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ma+Y&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Jingjing Zhao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhao+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Junli Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Jianping Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Yumin Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Y&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. yuminwang28@163.com."), [Luqiang Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+L&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.235, West College Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010021, China. 111989025@imu.edu.cn.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010020, China. * 2 Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. * 3 Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. yuminwang28@163.com. * 4 Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.235, West College Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010021, China. 111989025@imu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42693356** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0) Item in Clipboard # SIX1 drives acute myeloid leukemia progression by reprogramming glycolytic metabolism and impairing CD8⁺ T-cell effector function Hui Hou et al. Immunol Res. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Immunol Res Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immunol+Res%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Immunol+Res%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/) . 2026 Sep 4;74(1):100. doi: 10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0. ### Authors [Hui Hou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hou+H&cauthor_id=42693356)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010020, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Ruijun Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+R&cauthor_id=42693356)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Lei Zhao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhao+L&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Yan Ma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ma+Y&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Jingjing Zhao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhao+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Junli Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Jianping Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+J&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China."), [Yumin Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Y&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. yuminwang28@163.com."), [Luqiang Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+L&cauthor_id=42693356)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42693356/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.235, West College Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010021, China. 111989025@imu.edu.cn.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010020, China. * 2 Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. * 3 Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.22, Hengtong Road, Hohhot, 010020, China. yuminwang28@163.com. * 4 Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No.235, West College Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010021, China. 111989025@imu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42693356** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-026-09803-0) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract This study aimed to investigate the role of the homeobox gene SIX1 (sine oculis homeobox homolog 1) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression and to explore its underlying metabolic and immunological mechanisms. SIX1 expression was examined in human bone marrow stromal cells (HS-5) and AML cell lines (HL-60, SKM-1, THP-1, KG-1, NB4, and MOLM13) using RT-qPCR. SIX1-knockdown and SIX1-overexpressing MOLM13 cells were generated by RNA interference and plasmid transfection, respectively. Cell cycle distribution, proliferation, and metabolic parameters, including intracellular glucose, lactate, and ATP levels, were assessed using flow cytometry, EdU incorporation, MTT assays, and ELISA. Mitochondrial content was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were co-cultured with genetically modified MOLM13 cells under low-glucose conditions to evaluate T-cell proportions and cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). An AML mouse model was further established to assess the effects of SIX1 on T-cell composition and function by flow cytometry, while global metabolomics was applied to characterize metabolic reprogramming in vivo. SIX1 was significantly up-regulated in AML cells and promoted MOLM13 cell proliferation by enhancing glycolytic metabolism. Moreover, SIX1 suppressed CD8⁺ T-cell effector function both in vitro and in vivo and was associated with extensive alterations in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism in AML mice. SIX1 facilitates AML progression by promoting glycolytic reprogramming in leukemia cells and potentially impairing CD8⁺ T-cell effector function through metabolic competition, highlighting SIX1 as a promising therapeutic target. **Keywords:** Acute myeloid leukemia; CD8⁺ T cells; Glycolysis; Metabolic reprogramming; SIX1. © 2026. The Author(s). [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia University. Each experiment was performed in accordance with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines ( https://arriveguidelines.org ). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, all methods were performed in accordance with the Declarations of Helsinki. Written informed consents were signed by all participants before the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. ## References 1. 1. Shimony S, Stahl M, Stone RM. Acute myeloid leukemia: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management [J]. Am J Hematol. 2023;98(3):502–26. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26822) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36594187/) 2. 1. Wachter F, Pikman Y. Pathophysiology of Acute Myeloid Leukemia [J]. Acta Haematol. 2024;147(2):229–46. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1159/000536152) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228114/) 3. 1. Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025;75(1):10–45. - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39817679/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/11745215/) 4. 1. Mecklenbrauck R, Heuser M. Resistance to targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia [J]. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2023;40(1):33–44. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-022-10189-0) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36318439/) 5. 1. Stelmach P, Trumpp A. Leukemic stem cells and therapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia [J]. Haematologica. 2023;108(2):353–66. - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.280800) - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36722405/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/9890038/) Show all 41 references ## MeSH terms * Animals Actions * [ Se
## Related Clinical Research

- [Anti-CD33 and polydopamine-coated curcumin‑ICG nanoparticles for in vitro leukemia cytotoxicity (s](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42508510.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127202)
- [Cusatuzumab plus venetoclax ± azacitidine in unfit newly diagnosed AML: Phase Ib ELEVATE study](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42689432.md) (DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2026.300917)
- [One-month physicochemical stability of idarubicin diluted in polyolefin (Freeflex) infusion bags](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-21-one-month-physicochemical-stability-study-of-idarubicin-prepared-in-polyolefin.md)
- [Genetic Diagnosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Exome-Based Testing](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-13-exome-based-cancer-driver-gene-comprehensive-testing-can-provide-a-genetic.md)
- [UM171‑Expanded Cord Blood Transplantation for High‑Risk Acute Leukemia and MDS in Adults](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-18-um171-expanded-cord-blood-transplantation-in-adults-with-high-and-very-high.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Oncology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.