---
title: "Translational modelling questions receptor‑occupancy‑based dosing for pembrolizumab (PD‑1 inhibito"
id: "british-journal-of-cancer-0-translational-modelling-challenges-receptor-occupancy-based-dosing-of-pd-1"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/british-journal-of-cancer-0-translational-modelling-challenges-receptor-occupancy-based-dosing-of-pd-1"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Oncology"
source_name: "British Journal of Cancer"
source_url: "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w"
published_at: "2026-09-05T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Translational modelling questions receptor‑occupancy‑based dosing for pembrolizumab (PD‑1 inhibito
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/british-journal-of-cancer-0-translational-modelling-challenges-receptor-occupancy-based-dosing-of-pd-1
- **Specialty:** [Oncology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- **Primary Source:** British Journal of Cancer
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-05T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study evaluated whether peripheral **receptor occupancy** is an appropriate dosing surrogate for the PD‑1 inhibitor **pembrolizumab** in non‑small cell lung cancer. - A physiological pharmacokinetic model was built to describe plasma and intratumoural pembrolizumab kinetics and was extended to include receptor occupancy and ex vivo–derived interleukin‑2 (IL‑2) induction parameters. - Simulations compared three approved pembrolizumab regimens: 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks (Q3W), 200 mg Q3W, and 400 mg every 6 weeks (Q6W). - All simulated regimens produced near‑complete PD‑1 receptor occupancy in both plasma and tumour compartments, replicating the clinical rationale for current dosing strategies. - Despite sustained receptor occupancy, predicted **IL‑2** concentrations varied across the dosing interval and tracked pembrolizumab concentration rather than receptor occupancy, indicating dynamic pharmacodynamic effects. - The 400 mg Q6W regimen produced the highest predicted IL‑2 levels; intratumoural IL‑2 changes were smaller than plasma changes. - Authors conclude that receptor occupancy did not predict immune activation in the model and therefore may be an inadequate pharmacodynamic surrogate for pembrolizumab dose selection. - The findings challenge receptor‑occupancy‑driven dosing approaches for PD‑1 inhibitors and highlight the need for robust pharmacodynamic markers and clearer definitions of the immune activation required for efficacy. - All study data are available on reasonable request; the article includes model figures and cites prior work on dosing strategies and ex vivo pharmacology revealing dissociation between receptor occupancy and T cell function.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
[Skip to main content](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#content) Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement [ ![British Journal of Cancer](https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/bjc/header-76ac17391903a21e28f15ff5df31f5fa.svg) ](https://www.nature.com/bjc) * [ View all journals ](https://www.nature.com/siteindex) * [ Saved research ](https://www.nature.com/saved-research) * [ Search ](javascript:;) ## Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author Show results from All journals This journal Search [ Advanced search ](https://www.nature.com/search/advanced) ### Quick links * [Explore articles by subject](https://www.nature.com/subjects) * [Find a job](https://www.nature.com/naturecareers) * [Guide to authors](https://www.nature.com/authors/index.html) * [Editorial policies](https://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/) * [Log in](https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w) * [ Content Explore content ](javascript:;) ## Explore content * [ Research articles ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/research-articles) * [ Reviews & Analysis ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/reviews-and-analysis) * [ News & Comment ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/news-and-comment) * [ Current issue ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/current-issue) * [ Collections ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/collections) * [Follow us on X ](https://twitter.com/BrJCancer) * [ Subscribe ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/subscribe) * [Sign up for alerts ](https://journal-alerts.springernature.com/subscribe?journal_id=41416) * [ RSS feed ](https://www.nature.com/bjc.rss) * [ About the journal ](javascript:;) ## About the journal * [ Journal Information ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/journal-information) * [ Open access publishing ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/open-access) * [ About the Editors ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/editors) * [ Contact ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/contact) * [ Special Issues ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/special-issues) * [ For Advertisers ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/advertising) * [ Subscribe ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/subscribe) * [ Publish with us ](javascript:;) ## Publish with us * [ For Authors & Referees ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/authors-and-referees) * [ Language editing services ](https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=For+Authors&utm_medium=Website_Nature&utm_campaign=Platform+Experimentation+2022&utm_id=PE2022) * [Open access funding](https://www.nature.com/bjc/open-access-funding) * [Submit manuscript ](https://mts-bjcancer.nature.com/) * [ Subscribe ](https://www.nature.com/bjc/subscribe) * [ Sign up for alerts ](https://journal-alerts.springernature.com/subscribe?journal_id=41416) * [ RSS feed ](https://www.nature.com/bjc.rss) 1. [nature](https://www.nature.com/) 2. [british journal of cancer](https://www.nature.com/bjc) 3. [articles](https://www.nature.com/bjc/articles?type=article) 4. article * Article * Published: 05 September 2026 Translational Therapeutics # Translational modelling challenges receptor‑occupancy‑based dosing of PD‑1 inhibitors like pembrolizumab * [Judith D. J. Verdonk](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Judith_D__J_-Verdonk-Aff1) [ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0005-1018-9622](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1018-9622)[1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff1) [na1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#na1), * [Leila-Sophie Otten](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Leila_Sophie-Otten-Aff2) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-4740](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-4740)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff2) [na1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#na1), * [Ghazal Montaseri](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Ghazal-Montaseri-Aff3)[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff3), * [Michel M. van den Heuvel](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Michel_M_-Heuvel-Aff4-Aff5)[4](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff4),[5](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff5), * [Ruben L. Smeets](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Ruben_L_-Smeets-Aff1)[1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff1), * [Hans J. P. M. Koenen](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Hans_J__P__M_-Koenen-Aff1)[1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff1) & * … * [Rob ter Heine](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#auth-Rob-ter_Heine-Aff2) [ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2185-8201](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2185-8201)[2](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#Aff2) Show authors [_British Journal of Cancer_](https://www.nature.com/bjc) (2026) [Cite this article](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w#citeas) [ Save article ](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03612-w/save-research?_csrf=JDH58iq4i-hzjffTvnYVP6maiIuVZrhz) [ View saved research ](https://www.nature.com/saved-research) ## Abstract ### Background Optimal dosing of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab remains poorly defined. Dosing has been guided by achieving complete peripheral receptor occupancy, which may not reflect immune activation. We investigated relationships between dose, systemic and intratumoural pharmacokinetics, receptor occupancy, and immune activation in non-small cell lung cancer. ### Methods A physiological pharmacokinetic model describing plasma and intratumoural kinetics was extended with receptor occupancy and interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction parameters derived from ex vivo experiments. Simulations compared three approved regimens—2 mg/kg Q3W, 200 mg Q3W, and 400 mg Q6W. ### Results All regimens produced near-complete PD-1 receptor occupancy in both compartments. Despite this, IL-2 concentrations were predicted to change throughout the dosing interval, tracking pembrolizumab concentration rather than receptor occupancy. The 400 mg Q6W regimen yielded the highest IL-2 levels. Changes in intratumoural IL-2 concentration were less pronounced than in plasma. ### Conclusion Receptor occupancy did not predict immune activation, suggesting it’s an inadequate pharmacodynamic surrogate for pembrolizumab. These findings challenge current PD-1 inhibitor dose selection strategies and highlight the need for robust pharmacodynamic markers and clearer definition of the immune activation required for optimal efficacy. This is a preview of subscription content, [access via your institution](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41416-026-03612-w) ## Access options [ Access through your institution ](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41416-026-03612-w) Subscribe to this journal Receive 24 print issues and online access 251,40 € per year only 10,48 € per issue [Learn more](https://www.nature.com/bjc/subscribe) Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ### Additional access options: * [Log in](https://idp.nature.com/authorize/natureuser?client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41416-026-03612-w) * [Learn about institutional subscriptions](https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/license-options) * [Read our FAQs](https://support.nature.com/en/support/home) * [Contact customer support](https://www.springernature.com/gp/contact) **Fig. 1: Pembrolizumab model predicted curves for a typical individual.** ![](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41416-026-03612-w/MediaObjects/41416_2026_3612_Fig1_HTML.png) ### Explore related subjects Discover the latest articles and news in related subjects. * [Cancer immunotherapy](https://www.nature.com/subjects/cancer-immunotherapy) * [Drug development](https://www.nature.com/subjects/drug-development) ## Data availability All data in the current study are available upon reasonable request. ## References 1. Malmberg R, Zietse M, Dumoulin DW, Hendrikx J, Aerts J, van der Veldt AAM, et al. Alternative dosing strategies for immune checkpoint inhibitors to improve cost-effectiveness: a special focus on nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:e552–e61. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2822%2900554-X) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36455584) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Alternative%20dosing%20strategies%20for%20immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitors%20to%20improve%20cost-effectiveness%3A%20a%20special%20focus%20on%20nivolumab%20and%20pembrolizumab&journal=Lancet%20Oncol&doi=10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2822%2900554-X&volume=23&pages=e552-e61&publication_year=2022&author=Malmberg%2CR&author=Zietse%2CM&author=Dumoulin%2CDW&author=Hendrikx%2CJ&author=Aerts%2CJ&author=Veldt%2CAAM) 2. Peer CJ, Heiss BL, Goldstein DA, Goodell JC, Figg WD, Ratain MJ. Pharmacokinetic simulation analysis of less frequent nivolumab and pembrolizumab dosing: pharmacoeconomic rationale for dose deescalation. J Clin Pharm. 2022;62:532–40. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcph.1984) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Pharmacokinetic%20simulation%20analysis%20of%20less%20frequent%20nivolumab%20and%20pembrolizumab%20dosing%3A%20pharmacoeconomic%20rationale%20for%20dose%20deescalation&journal=J%20Clin%20Pharm&doi=10.1002%2Fjcph.1984&volume=62&pages=532-40&publication_year=2022&author=Peer%2CCJ&author=Heiss%2CBL&author=Goldstein%2CDA&author=Goodell%2CJC&author=Figg%2CWD&author=Ratain%2CMJ) 3. Puszkiel A, Bianconi G, Pasquiers B, Balakirouchenane D, Arrondeau J, Boudou-Rouquette P, et al. Extending the dosing intervals of nivolumab: model-based simulations in unselected cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2024;130:1866–74. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41416-024-02659-x) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=38532102) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11130267) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Extending%20the%20dosing%20intervals%20of%20nivolumab%3A%20model-based%20simulations%20in%20unselected%20cancer%20patients&journal=Br%20J%20Cancer&doi=10.1038%2Fs41416-024-02659-x&volume=130&pages=1866-74&publication_year=2024&author=Puszkiel%2CA&author=Bianconi%2CG&author=Pasquiers%2CB&author=Balakirouchenane%2CD&author=Arrondeau%2CJ&author=Boudou-Rouquette%2CP) 4. Chatterjee M, Turner DC, Felip E, Lena H, Cappuzzo F, Horn L, et al. Systematic evaluation of pembrolizumab dosing in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:1291–8. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdw174) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27117531) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6276906) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Systematic%20evaluation%20of%20pembrolizumab%20dosing%20in%20patients%20with%20advanced%20non-small-cell%20lung%20cancer&journal=Ann%20Oncol&doi=10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdw174&volume=27&pages=1291-8&publication_year=2016&author=Chatterjee%2CM&author=Turner%2CDC&author=Felip%2CE&author=Lena%2CH&author=Cappuzzo%2CF&author=Horn%2CL) 5. Tie Y, Yang H, Zhao R, Zheng H, Yang D, Zhao J, et al. Safety and efficacy of atezolizumab in the treatment of cancers: a systematic review and pooled-analysis. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2019;13:523–38. [Article](https://doi.org/10.2147%2FDDDT.S188893) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Safety%20and%20efficacy%20of%20atezolizumab%20in%20the%20treatment%20of%20cancers%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20pooled-analysis&journal=Drug%20Des%20Dev%20Ther&doi=10.2147%2FDDDT.S188893&volume=13&pages=523-38&publication_year=2019&author=Tie%2CY&author=Yang%2CH&author=Zhao%2CR&author=Zheng%2CH&author=Yang%2CD&author=Zhao%2CJ) 6. Agrawal S, Feng Y, Roy A, Kollia G, Lestini B. Nivolumab dose selection: challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2016;4:72. [Article](https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s40425-016-0177-2) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27879974) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5109842) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nivolumab%20dose%20selection%3A%20challenges%2C%20opportunities%2C%20and%20lessons%20learned%20for%20cancer%20immunotherapy&journal=J%20Immunother%20Cancer&doi=10.1186%2Fs40425-016-0177-2&volume=4&publication_year=2016&author=Agrawal%2CS&author=Feng%2CY&author=Roy%2CA&author=Kollia%2CG&author=Lestini%2CB) 7. Le Louedec F, Leenhardt F, Marin C, Chatelut É, Evrard A, Ciccolini J. Cancer Immunotherapy dosing: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective. Vaccines. 2020;8. 8. Patnaik A, Kang SP, Rasco D, Papadopoulos KP, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Beeram M, et al. Phase I study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475; anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:4286–93. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-14-2607) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25977344) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phase%20I%20study%20of%20pembrolizumab%20%28MK-3475%3B%20anti-PD-1%20monoclonal%20antibody%29%20in%20patients%20with%20advanced%20solid%20tumors&journal=Clin%20Cancer%20Res&doi=10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-14-2607&volume=21&pages=4286-93&publication_year=2015&author=Patnaik%2CA&author=Kang%2CSP&author=Rasco%2CD&author=Papadopoulos%2CKP&author=Elassaiss-Schaap%2CJ&author=Beeram%2CM) 9. Fu J, Wang F, Dong LH, Xing MJ, Cheng X, Wei S, et al. Receptor occupancy measurement of anti-PD-1 antibody drugs in support of clinical trials. Bioanalysis. 2019;11:1347–58. [Article](https://doi.org/10.4155%2Fbio-2019-0090) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31393160) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Receptor%20occupancy%20measurement%20of%20anti-PD-1%20antibody%20drugs%20in%20support%20of%20clinical%20trials&journal=Bioanalysis&doi=10.4155%2Fbio-2019-0090&volume=11&pages=1347-58&publication_year=2019&author=Fu%2CJ&author=Wang%2CF&author=Dong%2CLH&author=Xing%2CMJ&author=Cheng%2CX&author=Wei%2CS) 10. Ratain MJ, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Goldstein DA. Dose optimization of pembrolizumab: less may be more. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;111:993. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpt.2490) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34854077) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Dose%20optimization%20of%20pembrolizumab%3A%20less%20may%20be%20more&journal=Clin%20Pharmacol%20Ther&doi=10.1002%2Fcpt.2490&volume=111&publication_year=2022&author=Ratain%2CMJ&author=Peer%2CCJ&author=Figg%2CWD&author=Goldstein%2CDA) 11. Tachiki LM, Chevez HR, Morningstar C, Alam R, Remington A, Hippe DS, et al. 526 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of PD-1 blockade with nivolumab at varying doses and schedules supports administration at markedly reduced dose and frequency. J ImmunoTher Cancer. 2024;12 (Suppl 2). 12. Patil VM, Noronha V, Menon N, Rai R, Bhattacharjee A, Singh A, et al. Low-dose immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:222–32. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.22.01015) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36265101) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Low-dose%20immunotherapy%20in%20head%20and%20neck%20cancer%3A%20a%20randomized%20study&journal=J%20Clin%20Oncol&doi=10.1200%2FJCO.22.01015&volume=41&pages=222-32&publication_year=2023&author=Patil%2CVM&author=Noronha%2CV&author=Menon%2CN&author=Rai%2CR&author=Bhattacharjee%2CA&author=Singh%2CA) 13. Huang Z, Zeng L, Ruan Z, Zeng Q, Yan H, Jiang W, et al. Time-of-day immunochemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2026. 14. Karaboué A, Innominato PF, Wreglesworth NI, Duchemann B, Adam R, Lévi FA. Why does circadian timing of administration matter for immune checkpoint inhibitors’ efficacy? Br J Cancer. 2024;131:783–96. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41416-024-02704-9) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=38834742) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11369086) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Why%20does%20circadian%20timing%20of%20administration%20matter%20for%20immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitors%E2%80%99%20efficacy%3F&journal=Br%20J%20Cancer&doi=10.1038%2Fs41416-024-02704-9&volume=131&pages=783-96&publication_year=2024&author=Karabou%C3%A9%2CA&author=Innominato%2CPF&author=Wreglesworth%2CNI&author=Duchemann%2CB&author=Adam%2CR&author=L%C3%A9vi%2CFA) 15. Verdonk JDJ, Piet B, Ter Heine R, van den Heuvel MM, Smeets RL, Koenen H. Ex vivo pembrolizumab pharmacology for personalized PD-1 inhibitor therapy reveals a critical gap between receptor occupancy and T cell functionality. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;157:114754. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intimp.2025.114754) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=40318274) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ex%20vivo%20pembrolizumab%20pharmacology%20for%20personalized%20PD-1%20inhibitor%20therapy%20reveals%20a%20critical%20gap%20between%20receptor%20occupancy%20and%20T%20cell%20functionality&journal=Int%20Immunopharmacol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.intimp.2025.114754&volume=157&publication_year=2025&author=Verdonk%2CJDJ&author=Piet%2CB&author=Heine%2CR&author=Heuvel%2CMM&author=Smeets%2CRL&author=Koenen%2CH) 16. De Sousa Linhares A, Battin C, Jutz S, Leitner J, Hafner C, Tobias J, et al. Therapeutic PD-L1 antibodies are more effective than PD-1 antibodies in blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling. Sci Rep. 2019;9:11472. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-47910-1) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31391510) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6685986) [ Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Therapeutic%20PD-L1%20antibodies%20are%20more%20effective%20than%20PD-1%20antibodies%20in%20blocking%20PD-1%2FPD-L1%20signaling&journal=Sci%20Rep&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-019-47910-1&volume=9&publication_year=2019&author=De%20Sousa%20Linhares%2CA&author=Battin%2CC&author=Jutz%2CS&author=Leitner%2CJ&author=Hafner%2CC&author=Tobias%2CJ) 17. Thurber GM, Schmidt MM, Wittrup KD. Antibody tumor penetration: transport opposed by systemic and antigen-mediated clearance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:1421–34. [Article](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2008.04.012) [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18541331) [PubMed Central](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820307) [ Google Schola
## Related Clinical Research

- [PD-L1 expression and survival in unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer treated with first-line](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/british-journal-of-cancer-0-pd-l1-expression-and-survival-in-unresectable-recurrent-gastric-cancer-treated.md)
- [Challenging FDA-Approved Cancer Drug Dosages: A Patient and Research Perspective](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/kff-health-news-2-how-much-of-a-cancer-drug-is-too-much-patients-researchers-challenge-fda.md)
- [Immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced diabetes in metastatic NSCLC: case report, management, and fol](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-16-immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-induced-diabetes-mellitus-in-metastatic-nsclc-a.md)
- [Reporting signal for interstitial pneumonitis with combined EGFR-TKI and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor ther](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-6-increased-reporting-of-interstitial-pneumonitis-with-combined-egfr-tki-and-pd-1.md)
- [Benmelstobart plus anlotinib for advanced clear cell RCC: case of prolonged survival and managemen](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42493457.md) (DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.04.026)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Oncology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.