---
title: "Vaccine-associated survival differences during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: evidence from"
id: "pubmed-42673464"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42673464"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Oncology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/"
doi: "10.1073/pnas.2621501123"
published_at: "2026-09-08T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Vaccine-associated survival differences during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: evidence from
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42673464
- **Specialty:** [Oncology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/)
- **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.2621501123](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2621501123)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-08T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study analyzed 100% national **Medicare fee-for-service** claims to evaluate associations between vaccination and survival among patients receiving cancer therapy, focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) recipients. - The cohort included 121,676 beneficiaries who initiated systemic anticancer therapy; of these, 10,824 initiated **immune checkpoint inhibitors**. - Investigators examined survival associations for vaccination near treatment initiation across vaccine platforms: **mRNA COVID-19 vaccines**, adenoviral COVID-19 vaccines, and **influenza vaccines**. - Vaccination near ICI treatment initiation was associated with lower mortality for recipients of mRNA COVID-19, adenoviral COVID-19, and influenza vaccines. - Formal vaccine–ICI interaction effects and the magnitude of survival associations were similar across vaccine platforms, not limited to mRNA vaccines. - The authors conclude that population-level survival patterns observed in Medicare claims do not provide evidence isolating an **mRNA-specific tumor-sensitization mechanism** for enhanced ICI response. - Keywords reported include cancer immunotherapy, patient survival, and vaccination. - The source reports no competing interests. Specific analytic methods, covariates adjusted for, follow-up duration, effect sizes, and statistical estimates were not detailed in the abstract and are not reported in the provided source text.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42673464%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/c24ab723-7c80-48cd-9c68-022ded852586/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42673464%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42673464%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Atypon full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--pnas.org-pb-assets-images-pubmed-pnas-pubmed-fulltext.png) Atypon ](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2621501123?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed "See full text options at Atypon") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#conflict-of-interest) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#substances) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement Similar articles MeSH terms Substances Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) . 2026 Sep 8;123(36):e2621501123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2621501123. Epub 2026 Aug 31. # Interpreting vaccine-associated survival differences in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [René Karadakic](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karadakic+R&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland."), [Nancy L Keating](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Keating+NL&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."), [Michael L Barnett](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Barnett+ML&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland. * 2 Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115. * 3 Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903. * PMID: **42673464** * DOI: [ 10.1073/pnas.2621501123 ](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2621501123) Item in Clipboard # Interpreting vaccine-associated survival differences in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy René Karadakic et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) . 2026 Sep 8;123(36):e2621501123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2621501123. Epub 2026 Aug 31. ### Authors [René Karadakic](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Karadakic+R&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland."), [Nancy L Keating](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Keating+NL&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115."), [Michael L Barnett](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Barnett+ML&cauthor_id=42673464)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland. * 2 Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115. * 3 Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903. * PMID: **42673464** * DOI: [ 10.1073/pnas.2621501123 ](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2621501123) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Recent studies proposed that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination may sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy through immune modulation. Using 100% national Medicare fee-for-service claims data, we evaluated whether survival differences among vaccinated patients receiving ICIs were specific to mRNA vaccines. Among 121,676 beneficiaries initiating systemic anticancer therapy, including 10,824 initiating ICIs, vaccination near treatment initiation was associated with lower mortality across mRNA COVID-19, adenoviral COVID-19, and influenza vaccines. We found that survival associations and formal vaccine-ICI interaction effects were similar across vaccine platforms. These findings suggest that currently available population-level survival data do not isolate an mRNA-specific tumor-sensitization mechanism. **Keywords:** cancer immunotherapy; patient survival; vaccination. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest. ## Similar articles * [ The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer receiving checkpoint inhibitor therapy: what we know and what we don't. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34747190/) Malek AE, Cornejo PP, Daoud N, Alam M.Malek AE, et al.Immunotherapy. 2022 Feb;14(2):91-94. doi: 10.2217/imt-2021-0235. Epub 2021 Nov 8.Immunotherapy. 2022.PMID: 34747190Free PMC article.No abstract available. * [ Validation of "SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint blockade" in an independent cohort of 4,407 patients. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41690454/) Arbel R, Rokach L, Razi T, Tadmor T.Arbel R, et al.Cancer Lett. 2026 Apr 10;643:218319. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218319. Epub 2026 Feb 12.Cancer Lett. 2026.PMID: 41690454 * [ SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125896/) Grippin AJ, Marconi C, Copling S, Li N, Braun C, Woody C, Young E, Gupta P, Wang M, Wu A, Jeong SD, Soni D, Weidert F, Xie C, Goldenberg E, Kim A, Zhao C, DeVries A, Castillo P, Lohray R, Rooney MK, Schrank BR, Wang Y, Ma Y, Chang E, Kouzy R, Dyson K, Jafarnia J, Nariman N, Gladish G, New J, Argueta A, Amaya D, Thomas N, Doty A, Chen J, Copling N, Alatrash G, Simon J, Davies AB, Dennis W, Liang R, Lewis J, Wei X, Rinsurongkawong W, Vaporciyan AA, Johns A; D3CODE Team; Lee J, Lee JH, Sun R, Sharma P, Tran H, Zhang J, Gibbons DL, Wargo J, Kim BYS, Heymach JV, Mendez-Gomez HR, Jiang W, Sayour EJ, Lin SH.Grippin AJ, et al.Nature. 2025 Nov;647(8089):488-497. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09655-y. Epub 2025 Oct 22.Nature. 2025.PMID: 41125896Free PMC article. * [ COVID-19 vaccination and clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of real-world studies. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42079577/) Xi H, Li M, Shen J, Lin Y, Wang B, Yu Q, Wang H, Zhao Y.Xi H, et al.Front Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;17:1807267. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1807267. eCollection 2026.Front Immunol. 2026.PMID: 42079577Free PMC article. * [ Indications for and contraindications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19 vaccination. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34189948/) Luo B, Li J, Hou X, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Ye J, Wu X, Feng Y, Hu T, Xu Z, He Y, Sun J.Luo B, et al.Future Oncol. 2021 Sep;17(26):3477-3484. doi: 10.2217/fon-2021-0288. Epub 2021 Jun 30.Future Oncol. 2021.PMID: 34189948Free PMC article.Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42673464) ## MeSH terms * COVID-19 Vaccines* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19+Vaccines%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19+Vaccines) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * COVID-19* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * COVID-19* / mortality Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fmortality%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * COVID-19* / prevention & control Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=COVID-19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors* / therapeutic use Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immune+Checkpoint+Inhibitors%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Immune+Checkpoint+Inhibitors) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Influenza Vaccines / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Influenza+Vaccines%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Influenza+Vaccines) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Medicare Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Medicare%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Medicare) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Neoplasms* / drug therapy Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neoplasms%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Neoplasms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Neoplasms* / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neoplasms%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Neoplasms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Neoplasms* / mortality Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Neoplasms%2Fmortality%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Neoplasms) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * SARS-CoV-2 / immunology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22SARS-CoV-2%2Fimmunology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=SARS-CoV-2) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * United States / epidemiology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22United+States%2Fepidemiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=United+States) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Vaccination Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccination%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Vaccination) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) ## Substances * Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Immune+Checkpoint+Inhibitors%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Immune+Checkpoint+Inhibitors%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * COVID-19 Vaccines Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22COVID-19+Vaccines%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22COVID-19+Vaccines%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) * Influenza Vaccines Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Influenza+Vaccines%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Influenza+Vaccines%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42673464/) ## Grants and funding * [ R01AG076580/HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (NIA) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=R01AG076580%2FHHS+%7C+NIH+%7C+National+Institute+on+Aging+%28NIA%29%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc "All articles for grant R01AG076580/HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging \(NIA\)") ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Atypon ](https://www.pnas.org/doi
## Related Clinical Research

- [Acute infection-driven inflammation and its potential role in cancer progression](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42743107.md) (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003962)
- [Arginine supplements and immune recognition: mouse study links arginine to improved cancer and vir](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-could-arginine-supplements-help-boost-immune-responses-to-cancer-viruses.md)
- [Burden of RSV Hospitalizations in Brazilian Adults Aged ≥60 Years (2013–2024)](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42758792.md) (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0357303)
- [Updated Guidelines for Flu, COVID-19, and RSV Vaccines: Essential Insights](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-1-experts-clarify-flu-covid-rsv-vaccine-guidance-what-to-know.md)
- [Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis Detected in Peru During 2025 Outbreak](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cdc-emerging-infectious-diseases-journal-2-emergence-of-macrolide-resistant-bordetella-pertussis-peru-2025.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Oncology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/oncology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.