---
title: "Young children's behavior changes after COVID-19 onset: longitudinal findings from three US cities"
id: "pubmed-41891858"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41891858"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pediatrics"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/"
doi: "10.1093/chidev/aacag016"
published_at: "2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Young children's behavior changes after COVID-19 onset: longitudinal findings from three US cities
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-41891858
- **Specialty:** [Pediatrics](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pediatrics.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/)
- **DOI:** [10.1093/chidev/aacag016](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchidev%2Faacag016)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-29T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This longitudinal study followed 1,124 low-income, racially diverse children (aged 3–7 at pandemic onset) from three U.S. cities—**New York**, **Pittsburgh**, and **Tulsa**—with repeated behavioral measures between 2016 and 2023. - The sample was approximately 50% female and racially/ethnically diverse: 48% Hispanic/Latine, 30% Black, 22% White/Other. - The study used prospective data collected before and after the onset of the **COVID-19** pandemic to examine changes in multiple domains of **child behavior**, including aggression, emotional reactivity, attention problems, anxiety, withdrawn symptoms, prosocial behavior, and executive functioning. - Results varied by city: in **New York**, behavior largely stayed the same or slightly improved after pandemic onset, with declines in attention problems, anxiety, and withdrawn symptoms though anxiety’s growth rate increased later. - In **Pittsburgh**, most measured behaviors worsened after the pandemic onset, with increases that largely returned to expected levels within two years. - In **Tulsa**, there were declines in prosocial behavior and slowed growth in prosocial skills; declines in executive functioning were observed, and expected pre-pandemic declines in disruptive behaviors slowed. Attention and concentration remained largely stable in Tulsa. - The authors highlight regional variation in pandemic impacts on young children's behavior and recommend that future research account for geographic differences. - The study focused on families disproportionately affected by pandemic hardships (low-income and racially marginalized groups), addressing gaps in prospective evidence for these populations. - PMCID and DOI are reported; conflicts of interest were declared absent. Specific statistical measures, analytic models, sample recruitment details, and potential mediators or localized contextual factors were not fully reported in the provided abstract and summary.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41891858%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41891858%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F41891858%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://academic.oup.com/chidev/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/chidev/aacag016 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems")[ Free PMC article ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/41891858/ "Free full text at PubMed Central") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#abstract) * [ Plain language summary ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#plain-language-summary) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#conflict-of-interest) * [ Figures ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#figures) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#similar) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#references) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#mesh-terms) * [Related information](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#related-links) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Plain language summary Conflict of interest statement Figures Similar articles References MeSH terms Related information Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources Child Dev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) . 2026 Aug 29;97(5):1502-1515. doi: 10.1093/chidev/aacag016. # Changes in young children's behavior following COVID-19 pandemic onset: A tale of three cities [Anne Martin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Martin+A&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States."), [Anna M Wright](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wright+AM&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States."), [Alan L Mendelsohn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mendelsohn+AL&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Rachel S Gross](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gross+RS&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Elizabeth B Miller](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Miller+EB&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Pamela A Morris-Perez](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Morris-Perez+PA&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States."), [Daniel S Shaw](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shaw+DS&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States."), [Seth D Pollak](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pollak+SD&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States."), [Gabriela Livas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Livas+G&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, United States."), [Anna D Johnson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Johnson+AD&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. * 2 Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States. * 3 Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. * 4 Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States. * 5 Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. * 6 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States. * 7 Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, United States. * PMID: **41891858** * PMCID: [ PMC13064544 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13064544/) * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag016 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag016) Item in Clipboard # Changes in young children's behavior following COVID-19 pandemic onset: A tale of three cities Anne Martin et al. Child Dev. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Child Dev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Child+Dev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) . 2026 Aug 29;97(5):1502-1515. doi: 10.1093/chidev/aacag016. ### Authors [Anne Martin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Martin+A&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States."), [Anna M Wright](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wright+AM&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States."), [Alan L Mendelsohn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mendelsohn+AL&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Rachel S Gross](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gross+RS&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Elizabeth B Miller](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Miller+EB&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States."), [Pamela A Morris-Perez](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Morris-Perez+PA&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States."), [Daniel S Shaw](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Shaw+DS&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States."), [Seth D Pollak](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pollak+SD&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States."), [Gabriela Livas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Livas+G&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, United States."), [Anna D Johnson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Johnson+AD&cauthor_id=41891858)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. * 2 Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States. * 3 Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States. * 4 Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States. * 5 Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. * 6 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States. * 7 Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, United States. * PMID: **41891858** * PMCID: [ PMC13064544 ](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13064544/) * DOI: [ 10.1093/chidev/aacag016 ](https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag016) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Several reports have described increases in children's behavior problems since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but few were based on prospective data or represented groups who disproportionately experienced pandemic-related hardships. This study followed low-income and racially diverse young children from 3 U.S. cities-New York, NY, Pittsburgh, PA, and Tulsa, OK-with repeated measures of child behavior between 2016 and 2023. A total of 1,124 children were included (50% female; 48% Hispanic/Latine; 30% Black; 22% White/Other race/ethnicity; aged 3-7 at pandemic onset). Results reveal different patterns of behavior change by city. In New York, children's behavior stayed the same or slightly improved following the pandemic onset, whereas it stayed the same or got slightly worse in Tulsa, and got worse in Pittsburgh. Future studies of pandemic impacts should consider regional variation. **Keywords:** COVID-19; child behavior; longitudinal; low-income; urban. ## Plain language summary Several studies have reported negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health, but few observed the same sample before and after the pandemic or focused on families that were hit hardest by the pandemic because of low income and systemic racism. We examined children from low-income families in 3 cities before and after the pandemic. In New York, NY (85% Hispanic) and Pittsburgh, PA (81% Black) they were approximately 4 years old when the pandemic emerged, while in Tulsa, OK (48% Hispanic, 23% Black) they were approximately 6. Findings varied by city. In New York, levels and rates of growth on aggression and emotional reactivity after the pandemic resembled those before, but levels of attention problems, anxiety, and withdrawn symptoms declined. However, the rate of growth on anxiety increased after the pandemic, indicating catch-up to pre-pandemic levels. In Pittsburgh, all these behaviors rose after the pandemic but most returned to expected levels within 2 years. In Tulsa, prosocial behaviors decreased and their rate of growth slowed. A pre-pandemic decline in disruptive behaviors slowed, and the level of executive functioning skills fell. Concentration problems and attention skills stayed steady. Future research should investigate causes of regional variation. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest to report. All errors are the responsibility of the authors. ## Figures [ ![Figure 1.](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/158efb5c5883/nihms-2162458-f0001.gif) ](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/b622382f9f96/nihms-2162458-f0001.jpg) ** Figure 1.. Children’s Behavior Before and After… ** ** Figure 1.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, New York City ** _Note_ . An… **Figure 1.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, New York City** _Note_. An asterisk at March 2020 indicates a statistically significant (p < .05) change in intercept after COVID. An asterisk between March 2021 and March 2022 indicates a statistically significant change in slope after COVID. [ ![Figure 2.](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/0a220b7e298c/nihms-2162458-f0002.gif) ](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/945d656755c2/nihms-2162458-f0002.jpg) ** Figure 2.. Children’s Behavior Before and After… ** ** Figure 2.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, Pittsburgh ** _Note_ . An asterisk at… **Figure 2.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, Pittsburgh** _Note_. An asterisk at March 2021 indicates a statistically significant (p < .05) change in intercept after COVID. An asterisk at March 2022 indicates a statistically significant change in slope after COVID. [ ![Figure 3.](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/a9c94019e3a2/nihms-2162458-f0003.gif) ](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dcd5/13064544/91f5c14da450/nihms-2162458-f0003.jpg) ** Figure 3.. Children’s Behavior Before and After… ** ** Figure 3.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, Tulsa ** _Note_ . F = Fall;… **Figure 3.. Children’s Behavior Before and After COVID-19 Onset, Tulsa** _Note_. F = Fall; S = Spring. An asterisk at F 2021 indicates a statistically significant (p < .05) change in intercept after COVID. An asterisk between S 2022 and F 2022 indicates a statistically significant change in slope after COVID. [See this image and copyright information in PMC](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891858/) ## S
## Related Clinical Research

- [Youth-engaged qualitative analysis with a transgender and gender-diverse youth advisory board](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-5-lessons-learned-from-youth-engaged-research-methods-to-conduct-qualitative.md)
- [Impact of COVID-19 on Children's Social and Emotional Development: A Prospective Quasi-Experimenta](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42578746.md) (DOI: 10.1093/chidev/aacag145)
- [How the Lindsay Clancy Case May Reduce Access to Postpartum Psychiatric Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-1-opinion-the-unintended-consequences-of-the-lindsay-clancy-case.md)
- [Keto Diet Shows Superior Metabolic Benefits Over Mediterranean and Low-Fat Diets](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-1-keto-diet-may-have-metabolic-advantages-over-mediterranean-low-fat-diets.md)
- [What Reddit Reveals About Menopause: Symptoms Missing from Clinical Records](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-5-opinion-i-studied-reddit-forums-on-menopause-and-found-what-doctors-are-missing.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pediatrics Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pediatrics.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.