---
title: "Activatable mitochondrial fluorescent probe CZY images superoxide in diabetic nephropathy"
id: "pubmed-42700281"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700281"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/"
doi: "10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8"
published_at: "2026-09-05T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Activatable mitochondrial fluorescent probe CZY images superoxide in diabetic nephropathy
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700281
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00604-026-08379-8)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-05T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive complication of diabetes with limited early biomarkers; oxidative stress is implicated in DN pathogenesis. - The authors developed an activatable, mitochondria-localizing fluorescent probe named **CZY** that responds selectively to the **superoxide anion (O2·-)**. - CZY demonstrated high chemical stability, favorable biocompatibility, and strong selectivity for **superoxide** over other species according to the report. - In cultured renal collecting-duct cells (mIMCD-3), CZY enabled time-dependent imaging of **O2·-**–associated oxidative activity, indicating that the probe can monitor dynamic changes in cellular oxidative status. - The probe was applied in a diabetic nephropathy model to visualize variations in **superoxide** levels, supporting CZY as a molecular imaging platform for monitoring O2·- in DN. - The study concludes that spatiotemporal visualization of superoxide clarifies oxidative stress levels in DN and provides a foundation for future diagnostic and therapeutic investigations. - The report includes standard metadata: PMID 42700281, DOI 10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8, and declares no competing interests. - Specific experimental details (exact chemical structure, quantitative sensitivity, animal model specifics, dosing, imaging modalities and protocols) were not fully reported in the source abstract and would require consulting the full text for complete methods and data.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42700281%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/c24ab723-7c80-48cd-9c68-022ded852586/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42700281%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42700281%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#conflict-of-interest) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#references) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#substances) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#grants) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement References MeSH terms Substances Grants and funding Mikrochim Acta Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Mikrochim+Acta%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Mikrochim+Acta%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) . 2026 Sep 5;193(10):660. doi: 10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8. # Spatiotemporal visualization of superoxide in diabetic nephropathy via an activatable fluorescent probe [Ye Cao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cao+Y&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. 343259613@qq.com."), [Juan Hu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hu+J&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China."), [Jia-Yi Yan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yan+JY&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China."), [Han Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+H&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. hyxj0309@gmail.com."), [Ru Yan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yan+R&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China."), [Bo Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+B&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn."), [You-Zhen Feng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Feng+YZ&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. fengyouzhen@jnu.edu.cn."), [Zhong-Yuan Cheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cheng+ZY&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn.")[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#full-view-affiliation-9 "Department of Radiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860099, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. 343259613@qq.com. * 2 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. * 3 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. hyxj0309@gmail.com. * 4 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. * 5 Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn. * 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn. * 7 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. fengyouzhen@jnu.edu.cn. * 8 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn. * 9 Department of Radiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860099, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42700281** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8) Item in Clipboard # Spatiotemporal visualization of superoxide in diabetic nephropathy via an activatable fluorescent probe Ye Cao et al. Mikrochim Acta. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Mikrochim Acta Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Mikrochim+Acta%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Mikrochim+Acta%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) . 2026 Sep 5;193(10):660. doi: 10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8. ### Authors [Ye Cao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cao+Y&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. 343259613@qq.com."), [Juan Hu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hu+J&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China."), [Jia-Yi Yan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yan+JY&cauthor_id=42700281)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China."), [Han Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+H&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. hyxj0309@gmail.com."), [Ru Yan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yan+R&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China."), [Bo Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+B&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn."), [You-Zhen Feng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Feng+YZ&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. fengyouzhen@jnu.edu.cn."), [Zhong-Yuan Cheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cheng+ZY&cauthor_id=42700281)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn.")[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Department of Radiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860099, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn.") ### Affiliations * 1 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. 343259613@qq.com. * 2 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. * 3 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. hyxj0309@gmail.com. * 4 Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China. * 5 Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn. * 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China. zhangbo_cpu1713@njmu.edu.cn. * 7 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. fengyouzhen@jnu.edu.cn. * 8 Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, No.613, Huangpu West Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn. * 9 Department of Radiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860099, China. chengzy@jnu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42700281** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8 ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-026-08379-8) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by progressive renal impairment and limited biomarkers for early diagnosis. Herein, we developed CZY, a mitochondria-localizing activatable fluorescent probe for superoxide anion (O2·-). CZY showed high selectivity toward O2·-, chemical stability, and favorable biocompatibility. In mIMCD-3 cells, CZY enabled time-dependent visualization of O2·--associated oxidative activity. Additionally, CZY could enable visualization of O2·- and support it as an effective molecular imaging platform for monitoring O2·- variation in DN model. Collectively, this study clarifies oxidative stress level in DN and provides a useful basis for subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic exploration. **Keywords:** Diabetic nephropathy; Fluorescent probe; Oxidative stress; Superoxide anion. © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. ## References 1. 1. Mohandes S, Doke T, Hu H, Mukhi D, Dhillon P, Susztak K (2023) Molecular pathways that drive diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 133:e165654 - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36787250/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/9927939/) - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1172/jci165654) 2. 1. Daehn IS, Ekperikpe US, Stadler K (2023) Redox regulation in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 325:F135–F149 - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00047.2023) 3. 1. Su S, Ma Z, Wu H, Xu Z, Yi H (2023) Oxidative stress as a culprit in diabetic kidney disease. Life Sci 322:121661 - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37028547/) - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121661) 4. 1. Wu T, Ding L, Andoh V, Zhang J, Chen L (2023) The mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced renal cell injury in diabetic nephropathy disease: An update. Life 13:539 - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36836895/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/9967500/) - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020539) 5. 1. Wang N, Zhang C (2024) Oxidative stress: A culprit in the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Antioxidants 13:455 - [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671903/) - [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/11047699/) - [DOI](https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040455) Show all 45 references ## MeSH terms * Animals Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) * Cell Line Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cell+Line%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cell+Line) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) * Diabetic Nephropathies* / diagnostic imaging Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetic+Nephropathies%2Fdiagnostic+imaging%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Diabetic+Nephropathies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700281/) * Diabetic Nephropathies* / metabolism Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetic+Nephropathies%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Diabetic+Nephropathies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42
## Related Clinical Research

- [PLGA-gelatin nanofibrous scaffold with Vitex negundo and Jatropha multifida for diabetic wound hea](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42701137.md) (DOI: 10.1007/s10735-026-10903-2)
- [Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes as Predictors of Long-Term Cardiovascular Disease Risk](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42669304.md) (DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01235-3)
- [Atomoxetine and Stimulant Use in Pregnancy: Maternal and Birth Outcome Findings](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/womens-mental-health-0-atomoxetine-and-stimulants-during-pregnancy-what-do-we-know-about-pregnancy.md)
- [Ketamine Reduces In Vitro Immune Sensitization in Major Depressive Disorder in a Concentration-Dep](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-10-in-vitro-ketamine-attenuates-immune-sensitization-in-major-depressive-disorder.md)
- [Most-favored nation pharma deals target Medicaid but exempt Medicare, analysts say](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-0-stat-how-trump-s-latest-pharma-deals-may-undermine-efforts-to-rein-in-drug-costs.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.