---
title: "Cost-effectiveness of perioperative pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin for cisplatin-ineligible"
id: "pubmed-42610318"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42610318"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/"
doi: "10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865"
published_at: "2026-08-18T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Cost-effectiveness of perioperative pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin for cisplatin-ineligible
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42610318
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13696998.2026.2713865)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-18T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The KEYNOTE-905/EV-303 trial evaluated perioperative **enfortumab vedotin (EV)** plus **pembrolizumab (Pem)** versus surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab in predominantly cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). - This study is a US third-party payer cost-utility analysis using a state-transition Markov model with three health states: **event-free (EF)**, progressed or recurrent disease (PRD), and death. - Transition probabilities from EF were estimated using parametric multistate survival models fit to trial data, with extrapolation beyond observed follow-up. Survival after PRD was modeled using a treatment-mix approach reflecting US practice. - Costs were sourced from US data; health utilities derived from KEYNOTE-905 EQ-5D-5L patient data. Scenario and sensitivity analyses tested extrapolation, structural assumptions, and parameter uncertainty. - Base-case results: EV+Pem increased mean life-years by 3.08 (7.70 vs 4.62) and QALYs by 2.56 (6.19 vs 3.62) versus surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab. Total costs rose by $133,661 ($546,831 vs $413,171), with lower PRD treatment costs offsetting some initial expense. - The base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $52,117 per QALY gained. Scenario ICERs ranged from $50,363 to $69,703 per QALY. - Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a 99.1% probability that EV+Pem is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. - Authors note uncertainty in long-term survival extrapolation and changing post-progression treatment patterns as key limitations. - Conclusion: From a US third-party payer perspective, perioperative EV+Pem is cost-effective versus surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab for cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining MIBC at a $100,000/QALY threshold.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42610318%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42610318%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42610318%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#similar) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#substances) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles MeSH terms Substances J Med Econ Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Med+Econ%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Med+Econ%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) . 2026 Dec;29(1):2161-2176. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865. Epub 2026 Aug 18. # Cost-effectiveness of perioperative pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin for cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States [Daniel Hill-McManus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hill-McManus+D&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-1 "MSD \(UK\) Limited, London, UK."), [Yizhen Lai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lai+Y&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Arielle G Bensimon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bensimon+AG&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA."), [Joshua Young](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Young+J&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA."), [Kelly Reeve](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reeve+K&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-4 "MSD, Zurich, Switzerland."), [Anjela Tzontcheva](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tzontcheva+A&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-4 "MSD, Zurich, Switzerland."), [Patrick Squires](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Squires+P&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Haojie Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+H&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Chethan Ramamurthy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ramamurthy+C&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Matthew Mossanen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mossanen+M&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 MSD (UK) Limited, London, UK. * 2 Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA. * 3 Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA. * 4 MSD, Zurich, Switzerland. * 5 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. * PMID: **42610318** * DOI: [ 10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865) Item in Clipboard # Cost-effectiveness of perioperative pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin for cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States Daniel Hill-McManus et al. J Med Econ. 2026 Dec. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID J Med Econ Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Med+Econ%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Med+Econ%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) . 2026 Dec;29(1):2161-2176. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865. Epub 2026 Aug 18. ### Authors [Daniel Hill-McManus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hill-McManus+D&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-1 "MSD \(UK\) Limited, London, UK."), [Yizhen Lai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lai+Y&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Arielle G Bensimon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bensimon+AG&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA."), [Joshua Young](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Young+J&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA."), [Kelly Reeve](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reeve+K&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-4 "MSD, Zurich, Switzerland."), [Anjela Tzontcheva](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tzontcheva+A&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-4 "MSD, Zurich, Switzerland."), [Patrick Squires](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Squires+P&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Haojie Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+H&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Chethan Ramamurthy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ramamurthy+C&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Matthew Mossanen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mossanen+M&cauthor_id=42610318)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.") ### Affiliations * 1 MSD (UK) Limited, London, UK. * 2 Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA. * 3 Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA, USA. * 4 MSD, Zurich, Switzerland. * 5 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. * PMID: **42610318** * DOI: [ 10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2026.2713865) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Aims:** In the KEYNOTE 905/EV 303 study, perioperative enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab (EV+Pem) improved event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and pathological complete response in a predominantly cisplatin-ineligible muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) population, compared with surgery alone with or without adjuvant nivolumab, as indicated (surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab). This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of perioperative EV+Pem for cisplatin-ineligible or declining patients with MIBC from a US third-party payer perspective. **Methods:** This cost-utility analysis used a state-transition Markov model with event-free (EF), progressed or recurrent disease (PRD), and death health states. The target population included cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining adults with MIBC. Transitions from EF were estimated using parametric multistate survival models based on trial data, with extrapolation beyond follow-up. Survival following PRD was modeled using a treatment-mix approach reflecting US clinical practice. Costs were derived from US sources, and utilities from KEYNOTE-905 EQ-5D-5L data. Scenario analyses explored alternative extrapolations and structural assumptions, and sensitivity analyses assessed parameter uncertainty. **Results:** In the base case, EV+Pem increased life-years by 3.08 (7.70 vs 4.62) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) by 2.56 (6.19 vs 3.62) versus surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab. EV+Pem was associated with higher initial treatment costs, increasing total costs by $133,661 ($546,831 vs $413,171), partially offset by lower costs of treatment for PRD ($34,636 vs $129,813), yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $52,117 per QALY gained. Across scenario analyses, ICERs ranged from $50,363 to $69,703 per QALY gained. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that EV+Pem had a 99.1% probability of being cost-effective at a $100,000 per QALY threshold. **Limitations:** Results are subject to uncertainty in long-term survival extrapolation and evolving treatment patterns following PRD. **Conclusions:** EV+Pem is cost-effective versus surgery ± adjuvant nivolumab for cisplatin-ineligible or cisplatin-declining patients with MIBC from a US third-party payer perspective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. **Keywords:** I13; I19; Markov model; Muscle-invasive bladder cancer; cost-utility analysis; enfortumab vedotin; pembrolizumab; perioperative therapy. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Cost-effectiveness analysis of Enfortumab vedotin and pembrolizumab for advanced urothelial carcinoma. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41961714/) Cheng H, Li J, Mao N.Cheng H, et al.Medicine (Baltimore). 2026 Apr 10;105(15):e48312. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000048312.Medicine (Baltimore). 2026.PMID: 41961714 * [ Cost-effectiveness of first-line enfortumab vedotin in addition to pembrolizumab for metastatic urothelial carcinoma in the United States. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39315111/) Li A, Wu M, Xie O, Xiang H, Meng K, Tan C, Wang L, Wan X.Li A, et al.Front Immunol. 2024 Sep 9;15:1464092. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1464092. eCollection 2024.Front Immunol. 2024.PMID: 39315111Free PMC article. * [ First-line enfortumab vedotin-pembrolizumab versus nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin in metastatic urothelial cancer: a cost-effectiveness study. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41769117/) Ying H, Fu B.Ying H, et al.Front Public Health. 2026 Feb 12;14:1723784. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1723784. eCollection 2026.Front Public Health. 2026.PMID: 41769117Free PMC article. * [ The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of carmustine implants and temozolomide for the treatment of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17999840/) Garside R, Pitt M, Anderson R, Rogers G, Dyer M, Mealing S, Somerville M, Price A, Stein K.Garside R, et al.Health Technol Assess. 2007 Nov;11(45):iii-iv, ix-221. doi: 10.3310/hta11450.Health Technol Assess. 2007.PMID: 17999840 * [ Topotecan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride and paclitaxel for second-line or subsequent treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545208/) Main C, Bojke L, Griffin S, Norman G, Barbieri M, Mather L, Stark D, Palmer S, Riemsma R.Main C, et al.Health Technol Assess. 2006 Mar;10(9):1-132. iii-iv. doi: 10.3310/hta10090.Health Technol Assess. 2006.PMID: 16545208 [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42610318) ## MeSH terms * Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized* / administration & dosage Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized* / economics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized%2Feconomics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized* / therapeutic use Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antibodies%2C+Monoclonal%2C+Humanized) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological* / economics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antineoplastic+Agents%2C+Immunological%2Feconomics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antineoplastic+Agents%2C+Immunological) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological* / therapeutic use Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antineoplastic+Agents%2C+Immunological%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antineoplastic+Agents%2C+Immunological) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols* / economics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antineoplastic+Combined+Chemotherapy+Protocols%2Feconomics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antineoplastic+Combined+Chemotherapy+Protocols) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols* / therapeutic use Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Antineoplastic+Combined+Chemotherapy+Protocols%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antineoplastic+Combined+Chemotherapy+Protocols) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Cisplatin / therapeutic use Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cisplatin%2Ftherapeutic+use%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cisplatin) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42610318/) * Cost-Benefit Analysis Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cost-Benefit+Analysis%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cost-Benefit+Analysis) * [ Add to Search ](h
## Related Clinical Research

- [Benmelstobart plus anlotinib for advanced clear cell RCC: case of prolonged survival and managemen](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42493457.md) (DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.04.026)
- [Cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab (neoadjuvant + adjuvant) for resectable LA HNSCC in Switzerland](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42565346.md) (DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2026.2712763)
- [Translational modelling questions receptor‑occupancy‑based dosing for pembrolizumab (PD‑1 inhibito](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/british-journal-of-cancer-0-translational-modelling-challenges-receptor-occupancy-based-dosing-of-pd-1.md)
- [PD-L1 expression and survival in unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer treated with first-line](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/british-journal-of-cancer-0-pd-l1-expression-and-survival-in-unresectable-recurrent-gastric-cancer-treated.md)
- [Avoiding Cardiac Toxicity with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Safety Review (Title Only Available)](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/frontiers-in-immunology-15-avoidance-of-cardiac-toxicity-during-the-application-of-immune-checkpoint.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.