---
title: "Dietary Inflammatory Index: Clinical relevance for tracking diet-related inflammation"
id: "pubmed-42559924"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42559924"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42559924/"
doi: "10.1097/MCO.0000000000001247"
published_at: "2026-08-06T16:48:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Dietary Inflammatory Index: Clinical relevance for tracking diet-related inflammation
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42559924
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42559924/)
- **DOI:** [10.1097/MCO.0000000000001247](https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCO.0000000000001247)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-06T16:48:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The review evaluates the **Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)** as a tool to quantify the inflammatory potential of dietary patterns based on effects on inflammatory biomarkers. - Low-grade inflammation is linked to chronic diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer; the DII aims to capture diet-related contribution to this inflammation. - Observational and clinical studies show consistent associations between higher DII scores and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes such as atherosclerosis, metabolic liver disease, obesity, and higher cardiovascular mortality. - Anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, notably the **Mediterranean diet**, are associated with lower DII scores, reduced inflammatory markers, and improvements in metabolic outcomes and quality of life. - Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits of lower DII scores in cancer survivors, people with depression, and patients with chronic inflammatory disorders. - Methodological refinements — including the **energy-adjusted DII (E-DII)** and a pediatric version, **C-DII** — have expanded applicability and may improve predictive performance. - The DII is presented as a useful framework for assessing diet–inflammation relationships across populations and clinical contexts but causal links are not fully established. - The review concludes that the DII may support personalized nutrition strategies and prevention/management of inflammation-related disease, while calling for further long-term interventional studies to confirm clinical utility and prognostic value.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Aug 6. # Scores to monitor inflammatory effects of a diet: a useful concept? [Stephan Bischoff](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bischoff+S&cauthor_id=42559924)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42559924/#full-view-affiliation-1 "University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliation * 1 University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. * PMID: **42559924** * DOI: [ 10.1097/MCO.0000000000001247 ](https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000001247) Item in Clipboard Review # Scores to monitor inflammatory effects of a diet: a useful concept? Stephan Bischoff. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Curr+Opin+Clin+Nutr+Metab+Care%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Curr+Opin+Clin+Nutr+Metab+Care%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42559924/) . 2026 Sep 1;29(5):448-452. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000001247. Epub 2026 Aug 6. ### Author [Stephan Bischoff](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bischoff+S&cauthor_id=42559924)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42559924/#short-view-affiliation-1 "University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.") ### Affiliation * 1 University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. * PMID: **42559924** * DOI: [ 10.1097/MCO.0000000000001247 ](https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000001247) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Purpose of review:** The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was developed to quantify the inflammatory potential of dietary patterns based on their effects on inflammatory biomarkers. Growing evidence links low-grade inflammation to chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the clinical and epidemiological relevance of the DII and evaluates its potential as a tool for nutritional assessment and disease prevention. **Recent findings:** Recent studies demonstrate consistent associations between higher DII scores and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including atherosclerosis, metabolic liver disease, obesity, and increased cardiovascular mortality. Anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet, are associated with lower DII scores, reduced inflammatory markers, and improvements in metabolic parameters and quality of life. Emerging evidence also suggests benefits in cancer survivors, patients with depression, and individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions. Methodological advances, including the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) and the pediatric C-DII, have improved the applicability and predictive value of the index. **Summary:** The DII provides a useful framework for assessing the relationship between diet and inflammation across populations and clinical settings. Current evidence supports its value in identifying dietary patterns associated with chronic inflammation and related diseases. Although causal relationships remain to be fully established, the DII may contribute to personalized nutrition strategies and support prevention and management approaches for inflammation-related disorders. Further long-term interventional studies are needed to strengthen its clinical utility and prognostic significance. **Keywords:** Dietary Inflammatory Index; anti-inflammatory diet; cancer; cardiovascular disease; chronic inflammatory disease; low-grade inflammation; obesity. Copyright © 2026 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Dietary glycation compounds - implications for human health. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150724/) Hellwig M, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Grune T, Guth S, Henle T, Humpf HU, Joost HG, Marko D, Raupbach J, Roth A, Vieths S, Mally A.Hellwig M, et al.Crit Rev Toxicol. 2024 Sep;54(8):485-617. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2362985. Epub 2024 Aug 16.Crit Rev Toxicol. 2024.PMID: 39150724 * [ The dietary inflammatory index, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34708499/) Hariharan R, Odjidja EN, Scott D, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Hodge A, de Courten B.Hariharan R, et al.Obes Rev. 2022 Jan;23(1):e13349. doi: 10.1111/obr.13349. Epub 2021 Oct 27.Obes Rev. 2022.PMID: 34708499Review. * [ A Descriptive Analysis of Mediterranean Diet Meal Plans Using the Dietary Inflammatory Index, Dietary Antioxidant Index, and Dietary Lipid Indices: Implications for Dietary Intervention for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Research. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42075093/) Bernardino M, Tiribelli C, Rosso N.Bernardino M, et al.Nutrients. 2026 Apr 17;18(8):1281. doi: 10.3390/nu18081281.Nutrients. 2026.PMID: 42075093Free PMC article. * [ Dietary Inflammatory Index and Mediterranean Diet Score are associated with systemic inflammation in women with lipedema. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41310256/) Tel Adıgüzel K, Yaman A, Kürklü NS, Adıgüzel E.Tel Adıgüzel K, et al.Int J Obes (Lond). 2026 Feb;50(2):442-449. doi: 10.1038/s41366-025-01960-w. Epub 2025 Nov 27.Int J Obes (Lond). 2026.PMID: 41310256 * [ Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31408965/) Phillips CM, Chen LW, Heude B, Bernard JY, Harvey NC, Duijts L, Mensink-Bout SM, Polanska K, Mancano G, Suderman M, Shivappa N, Hébert JR.Phillips CM, et al.Nutrients. 2019 Aug 12;11(8):1873. doi: 10.3390/nu11081873.Nutrients. 2019.PMID: 31408965Free PMC article.Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42559924) ## References 1. 1. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, et al. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1689–1696. 2. 1. Pelc A, Fic W, Typrowicz T, et al. Physiological mechanisms of and therapeutic approaches to the gut microbiome and low-grade inflammation in obesity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2025; 47:637. 3. 1. Castillo RL, Figueroa EG, González-Candia A, et al. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular and metabolic responses in adults and childhood cancer survivors: the role of NETosis and low-grade inflammation as a novel therapeutic target-a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:10843. 4. 1. Bondonno NP, Lewis JR, Blekkenhorst LC, et al. Dietary inflammatory index in relation to sub-clinical atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality in older women. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1577–1586. 5. 1. Cantero I, Abete I, Babio N, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and liver status in subjects with different adiposity levels within the PREDIMED trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1736–1743. 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